PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WITH
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | NEW UPDATE 2025
Question 1
Which of the following cellular adaptations involves an increase in
the number of cells in a tissue or organ?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
E) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D) Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a
tissue or organ, often in response to increased demand or hormonal
stimulation.
Question 2
A patient with chronic uncontrolled hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of which cellular adaptation?
A) Atrophy
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Hyperplasia
E) Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: E) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, leading to
an increase in the size of the organ. Left ventricular hypertrophy is
the heart muscle enlarging in response to increased workload.
Question 3
Which of the following is an irreversible cellular injury that results in cell
death?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
,C) Hydropic swelling
D) Fatty change
E) Accumulation of pigment
Correct Answer: A) Necrosis
Rationale: Necrosis is a form of uncontrolled cell death caused by
external factors such as infection, toxins, or trauma, leading to
inflammation and tissue damage.
Question 4
What is the primary function of inflammation?
A) To spread pathogens throughout the body.
B) To initiate tissue repair and protect the body from further injury or
infection.
C) To suppress the immune response.
D) To cause permanent tissue damage.
E) To increase blood clotting.
Correct Answer: B) To initiate tissue repair and protect the body from
further injury or infection.
Rationale: Inflammation is a protective response of the immune
system to harmful stimuli, aiming to remove the injurious agent and
initiate the healing process.
Question 5
Which of the following is a cardinal sign of acute inflammation?
A) Pallor
B) Coolness
C) Pain
D) Cyanosis
E) Jaundice
Correct Answer: C) Pain
Rationale: The cardinal signs of acute inflammation are redness
,(rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of
function (functio laesa).
Question 6
What is the primary role of histamine in the inflammatory response?
A) To cause vasoconstriction.
B) To increase vascular permeability and vasodilation.
C) To stimulate pain receptors directly.
D) To attract neutrophils.
E) To suppress immune cell activity.
Correct Answer: B) To increase vascular permeability and vasodilation.
Rationale: Histamine is a potent vasodilator and increases vascular
permeability, leading to increased blood flow (redness, heat) and
fluid leakage into the interstitial space (swelling).
Question 7
Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
A) Natural active immunity
B) Natural passive immunity
C) Artificial active immunity
D) Artificial passive immunity
E) Innate immunity
Correct Answer: C) Artificial active immunity
Rationale: Artificial active immunity is acquired when the body
produces its own antibodies in response to an antigen introduced
through medical means, such as vaccination.
Question 8
A patient with a prolonged fever and dehydration would most likely
experience which fluid and electrolyte imbalance?
A) Hyponatremia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hypernatremia
, D) Hypercalcemia
E) Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: C) Hypernatremia
Rationale: Prolonged fever and dehydration lead to excessive water
loss without proportionate solute loss, increasing the concentration
of sodium in the extracellular fluid (hypernatremia).
Question 9
Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by muscle weakness, lethargy,
and cardiac arrhythmias, often seen with diuretic use?
A) Hypernatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypokalemia
D) Hypocalcemia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Correct Answer: C) Hypokalemia
Rationale: Hypokalemia (low potassium) is a common electrolyte
imbalance that can cause muscle weakness, fatigue, lethargy, and
potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
Question 10
A patient with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 50 mmHg, and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L is
experiencing:
A) Respiratory alkalosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory acidosis
D) Metabolic acidosis
E) Compensated metabolic acidosis
Correct Answer: C) Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: A pH of 7.25 (acidic) and a PaCO2 of 50 mmHg (elevated,
indicating CO2 retention) with a normal HCO3 indicates
uncompensated respiratory acidosis.
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | NEW UPDATE 2025
Question 1
Which of the following cellular adaptations involves an increase in
the number of cells in a tissue or organ?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
E) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D) Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a
tissue or organ, often in response to increased demand or hormonal
stimulation.
Question 2
A patient with chronic uncontrolled hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of which cellular adaptation?
A) Atrophy
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Hyperplasia
E) Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: E) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, leading to
an increase in the size of the organ. Left ventricular hypertrophy is
the heart muscle enlarging in response to increased workload.
Question 3
Which of the following is an irreversible cellular injury that results in cell
death?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
,C) Hydropic swelling
D) Fatty change
E) Accumulation of pigment
Correct Answer: A) Necrosis
Rationale: Necrosis is a form of uncontrolled cell death caused by
external factors such as infection, toxins, or trauma, leading to
inflammation and tissue damage.
Question 4
What is the primary function of inflammation?
A) To spread pathogens throughout the body.
B) To initiate tissue repair and protect the body from further injury or
infection.
C) To suppress the immune response.
D) To cause permanent tissue damage.
E) To increase blood clotting.
Correct Answer: B) To initiate tissue repair and protect the body from
further injury or infection.
Rationale: Inflammation is a protective response of the immune
system to harmful stimuli, aiming to remove the injurious agent and
initiate the healing process.
Question 5
Which of the following is a cardinal sign of acute inflammation?
A) Pallor
B) Coolness
C) Pain
D) Cyanosis
E) Jaundice
Correct Answer: C) Pain
Rationale: The cardinal signs of acute inflammation are redness
,(rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of
function (functio laesa).
Question 6
What is the primary role of histamine in the inflammatory response?
A) To cause vasoconstriction.
B) To increase vascular permeability and vasodilation.
C) To stimulate pain receptors directly.
D) To attract neutrophils.
E) To suppress immune cell activity.
Correct Answer: B) To increase vascular permeability and vasodilation.
Rationale: Histamine is a potent vasodilator and increases vascular
permeability, leading to increased blood flow (redness, heat) and
fluid leakage into the interstitial space (swelling).
Question 7
Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
A) Natural active immunity
B) Natural passive immunity
C) Artificial active immunity
D) Artificial passive immunity
E) Innate immunity
Correct Answer: C) Artificial active immunity
Rationale: Artificial active immunity is acquired when the body
produces its own antibodies in response to an antigen introduced
through medical means, such as vaccination.
Question 8
A patient with a prolonged fever and dehydration would most likely
experience which fluid and electrolyte imbalance?
A) Hyponatremia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hypernatremia
, D) Hypercalcemia
E) Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: C) Hypernatremia
Rationale: Prolonged fever and dehydration lead to excessive water
loss without proportionate solute loss, increasing the concentration
of sodium in the extracellular fluid (hypernatremia).
Question 9
Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by muscle weakness, lethargy,
and cardiac arrhythmias, often seen with diuretic use?
A) Hypernatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypokalemia
D) Hypocalcemia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Correct Answer: C) Hypokalemia
Rationale: Hypokalemia (low potassium) is a common electrolyte
imbalance that can cause muscle weakness, fatigue, lethargy, and
potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
Question 10
A patient with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 50 mmHg, and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L is
experiencing:
A) Respiratory alkalosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory acidosis
D) Metabolic acidosis
E) Compensated metabolic acidosis
Correct Answer: C) Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: A pH of 7.25 (acidic) and a PaCO2 of 50 mmHg (elevated,
indicating CO2 retention) with a normal HCO3 indicates
uncompensated respiratory acidosis.
