PBSI 311 EXAM 2 WITH ALL Q UESTIO NS
AND ANSWERS
Inytheycontextyofyanimalybehaviorystudies,ywhatydoesycoop
erationymean?y- ANSWER
Outcomeyofy2yorymoreyindividualsyinteractingysuchythatyth
eyyreceiveyaynetybenefityfromytheiryinteractionyevenythoug
hythereyareycosts;ybehavingyinyaywayythatymakesytheyexpect
edybenefitsypossible
Knowytheycaseystudyyofycooperationyinyelephants.yWhatywer
eythey3ytasksyandywhatydidyeachyofythemyshowyregardingyanyel
ephant'syabilityytoyworkyaloneyandytoyworkywithyothers?y-
ANSWER tasky1-
yElephantsytrainedytoypullyayropeyattachedytoygetyaybowlyofyfood
.yThisyisyaysoloytask.
tasky2-
yElephantsyneededytoyworkytogetherytoypully2yropes
ytoygetyayfoodyreward
1) Elephantsyreleasedyatytheysameytimey(wo
rkingytogetherycouldybeycoincidental)
2) Elephantyreleaseystaggeredy(workingytog
etheryrequiresywaiting,ysupportsycooperat
ion)
tasky3-
yElephantsyreleasedyatytheysameytimeybutyoneyropeyi
symadeyinaccessibley(workingytogetherynotypossibl
e,ynoycooperation)
,KnowytheycaseystudyyofycooperationyinyRodriguesyfruitybats
.yWhatytypeyofybehaviorsydidytheyhelperyengageyinyandywha
tyisyaypossibleyexplanationyforywhy?y-
y y ANSWERy y RodriguesyFruityBat:yBirthing
Unrelatedyfemaley'helper'yassistedyfemaley withydifficultybirth
,Demonstratedybirthyposturey(feetydown);ygroomedytheymothe
ryduringybirth;ylickytheynewborn;yandyassistedywithypositionythe
ypupyforynursing
Assistanceymayybeyrelatedytoybondsybuiltythroughyroostingyproxi
mity
Knowytheycaseystudyyofycooperationyinyprimates.yWhatyareyth
eyhealthyandysocialybenefitsyofysocialygrooming?y- ANSWER
Commonycooperativeybehavioryobservedyinyprimatesy(alsoyca
lledyallogrooming)
Healthybenefityofytheyremovalyofyparasites
Socialybenefitsyofytensionyreductiony(hormoneylevelsyareyaff
ectedysuchythatyaggressionyisyreduced).
Socialybenefitsyofyresourcesybeingyexchangedyforyfoody(thisy
meansyassistanceywithyanyaggressor/predator)
Mayyrepresentyanyexchangeybasedysystemyofycooperation
Whatyareythey4ypathsy(canyalsoybeythoughtyofyasy'behavioralyf
ormsyofycooperation')ytoycooperation?
yOneywasydiscussedyinyLecturey12yandyoneywasynotydiscusse
dyinyclassy(consideredycontroversial).y-yANSWER
KinySelection-
yfavors ybehaviorsythatyincreaseytheyreproductiveysuccessy
ofythoseyindividuals'ycloseygeneticykin
ReciprocityyBypro
ductyMutualism
Groupyselectiony(notydiscussedyinyclass)
Whatyisyreciprocityyoryreciprocalyaltruism?y- ANSWER
Reciprocalyaltruism:yexchangingyactsyofycooperativeyand
altruisticybehavior
Whyywouldynaturalyselectionyfavorythisytypeyofybehavior?
, •Theycostyofyoneyindividualyhelpingyanotheryisyoffsetybyythe
recipienty reciprocatingy byy helpingy they helpery iny they future.
AND ANSWERS
Inytheycontextyofyanimalybehaviorystudies,ywhatydoesycoop
erationymean?y- ANSWER
Outcomeyofy2yorymoreyindividualsyinteractingysuchythatyth
eyyreceiveyaynetybenefityfromytheiryinteractionyevenythoug
hythereyareycosts;ybehavingyinyaywayythatymakesytheyexpect
edybenefitsypossible
Knowytheycaseystudyyofycooperationyinyelephants.yWhatywer
eythey3ytasksyandywhatydidyeachyofythemyshowyregardingyanyel
ephant'syabilityytoyworkyaloneyandytoyworkywithyothers?y-
ANSWER tasky1-
yElephantsytrainedytoypullyayropeyattachedytoygetyaybowlyofyfood
.yThisyisyaysoloytask.
tasky2-
yElephantsyneededytoyworkytogetherytoypully2yropes
ytoygetyayfoodyreward
1) Elephantsyreleasedyatytheysameytimey(wo
rkingytogetherycouldybeycoincidental)
2) Elephantyreleaseystaggeredy(workingytog
etheryrequiresywaiting,ysupportsycooperat
ion)
tasky3-
yElephantsyreleasedyatytheysameytimeybutyoneyropeyi
symadeyinaccessibley(workingytogetherynotypossibl
e,ynoycooperation)
,KnowytheycaseystudyyofycooperationyinyRodriguesyfruitybats
.yWhatytypeyofybehaviorsydidytheyhelperyengageyinyandywha
tyisyaypossibleyexplanationyforywhy?y-
y y ANSWERy y RodriguesyFruityBat:yBirthing
Unrelatedyfemaley'helper'yassistedyfemaley withydifficultybirth
,Demonstratedybirthyposturey(feetydown);ygroomedytheymothe
ryduringybirth;ylickytheynewborn;yandyassistedywithypositionythe
ypupyforynursing
Assistanceymayybeyrelatedytoybondsybuiltythroughyroostingyproxi
mity
Knowytheycaseystudyyofycooperationyinyprimates.yWhatyareyth
eyhealthyandysocialybenefitsyofysocialygrooming?y- ANSWER
Commonycooperativeybehavioryobservedyinyprimatesy(alsoyca
lledyallogrooming)
Healthybenefityofytheyremovalyofyparasites
Socialybenefitsyofytensionyreductiony(hormoneylevelsyareyaff
ectedysuchythatyaggressionyisyreduced).
Socialybenefitsyofyresourcesybeingyexchangedyforyfoody(thisy
meansyassistanceywithyanyaggressor/predator)
Mayyrepresentyanyexchangeybasedysystemyofycooperation
Whatyareythey4ypathsy(canyalsoybeythoughtyofyasy'behavioralyf
ormsyofycooperation')ytoycooperation?
yOneywasydiscussedyinyLecturey12yandyoneywasynotydiscusse
dyinyclassy(consideredycontroversial).y-yANSWER
KinySelection-
yfavors ybehaviorsythatyincreaseytheyreproductiveysuccessy
ofythoseyindividuals'ycloseygeneticykin
ReciprocityyBypro
ductyMutualism
Groupyselectiony(notydiscussedyinyclass)
Whatyisyreciprocityyoryreciprocalyaltruism?y- ANSWER
Reciprocalyaltruism:yexchangingyactsyofycooperativeyand
altruisticybehavior
Whyywouldynaturalyselectionyfavorythisytypeyofybehavior?
, •Theycostyofyoneyindividualyhelpingyanotheryisyoffsetybyythe
recipienty reciprocatingy byy helpingy they helpery iny they future.
