TEST BANK FOR GOOLSBY TB EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES
NEW MODIFIED TESTED AND APPROVED 2026
NEW UPDATE
Assessment and Clinical Decision Making: An Overview: Chapter 1.
1. Which of the following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision making?
A. An algorithm published in a peer-reviewed journal article
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
ANS: D
To assist in clinical decision making, a number of evidence-based resources have been
developed to assist the clinician. Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice
guidelines, assist in clinical reasoning when properly applied.
2. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates:
A. A high percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
B. A high percentage of persons without the condition will have inconclusive results
C. A low likelihood of normal result in persons without a given condition
, D. A low percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
ANS: A
The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the per centage of individuals with the target
condition who show an abnormal, or positive, result. A high sensitivity indicates that a
greater percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result.
3. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates:
A. A low percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
B. A high percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
C. A high percentage of individuals with a disorder will show a normal result
D. A low percentage of individuals with a disorder will show an abnormal result
ANS: B
The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who
have a normal result. The greater the specificity, the greater the percentage of individuals
who will have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the target condition.
4. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
A. Positive result is strongly associated with the disease
B. Negative result is strongly associated with absence of the disease
C. Positive result is weakly associated with the disease
D. Negative result is weakly associated with absence of the disease
Page 2 of 416
, ANS: A
The likelihood ratio is the probability that a posit ive test result will be associated with a
person who has the target condition and a negative result will be associated with a healthy
person. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated with the
disease; a likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an
absence of the disease.
5. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as an evidence-based resource based on
mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition in select situations, settings, and/or
patients?
A. Clinical practice guideline
B. Clinical decision rule
C. Clinical algorithm
D. Clinical recommendation
ANS: B
Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical reasoning.
Clinical decision rules are evidence -based resources that provide probabilistic statements
regarding the likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met with regard to the
prognosis of patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models and are
specific to certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics.
6. Which type of clinical decision making is most reliable?
A. Analytical I
, B. Augenblink
C. Experiential
D. Intuitive
ANS: A
Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision making: intuitive
and analytical. Intuitive decision making (similar to Augenblink decision making) is based
on the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and paired with fairly
common errors. In contrast, analytical decision making is based on careful consideration
and has greater reliability with rare errors.
,
7. You are using the PQRST approach while completing the history of present illness for a
patient complaining of pain. Which of the following questions is relevant to the “P”
portion of this approach?
A. How would you describe your pain?
B. Can you point to the area of most severe pain?
C. How has your pain changed since you first noticed it?
D. What makes the pain worse or better?
ANS: D
In the PQRST model, “P” refers to exploring precipitating and palliative factors. Identify
factors that make the symptom worse and/or better, any previous self -treatment or prescribed
treatment, and response.
Page 4 of 416
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES
NEW MODIFIED TESTED AND APPROVED 2026
NEW UPDATE
Assessment and Clinical Decision Making: An Overview: Chapter 1.
1. Which of the following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision making?
A. An algorithm published in a peer-reviewed journal article
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
ANS: D
To assist in clinical decision making, a number of evidence-based resources have been
developed to assist the clinician. Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice
guidelines, assist in clinical reasoning when properly applied.
2. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates:
A. A high percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
B. A high percentage of persons without the condition will have inconclusive results
C. A low likelihood of normal result in persons without a given condition
, D. A low percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
ANS: A
The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the per centage of individuals with the target
condition who show an abnormal, or positive, result. A high sensitivity indicates that a
greater percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result.
3. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates:
A. A low percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
B. A high percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
C. A high percentage of individuals with a disorder will show a normal result
D. A low percentage of individuals with a disorder will show an abnormal result
ANS: B
The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who
have a normal result. The greater the specificity, the greater the percentage of individuals
who will have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the target condition.
4. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
A. Positive result is strongly associated with the disease
B. Negative result is strongly associated with absence of the disease
C. Positive result is weakly associated with the disease
D. Negative result is weakly associated with absence of the disease
Page 2 of 416
, ANS: A
The likelihood ratio is the probability that a posit ive test result will be associated with a
person who has the target condition and a negative result will be associated with a healthy
person. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated with the
disease; a likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an
absence of the disease.
5. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as an evidence-based resource based on
mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition in select situations, settings, and/or
patients?
A. Clinical practice guideline
B. Clinical decision rule
C. Clinical algorithm
D. Clinical recommendation
ANS: B
Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical reasoning.
Clinical decision rules are evidence -based resources that provide probabilistic statements
regarding the likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met with regard to the
prognosis of patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models and are
specific to certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics.
6. Which type of clinical decision making is most reliable?
A. Analytical I
, B. Augenblink
C. Experiential
D. Intuitive
ANS: A
Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision making: intuitive
and analytical. Intuitive decision making (similar to Augenblink decision making) is based
on the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and paired with fairly
common errors. In contrast, analytical decision making is based on careful consideration
and has greater reliability with rare errors.
,
7. You are using the PQRST approach while completing the history of present illness for a
patient complaining of pain. Which of the following questions is relevant to the “P”
portion of this approach?
A. How would you describe your pain?
B. Can you point to the area of most severe pain?
C. How has your pain changed since you first noticed it?
D. What makes the pain worse or better?
ANS: D
In the PQRST model, “P” refers to exploring precipitating and palliative factors. Identify
factors that make the symptom worse and/or better, any previous self -treatment or prescribed
treatment, and response.
Page 4 of 416
