NURSING 3240 (NURSING3240) Auburn University, Montgomery - NURSING 3240 Endocrine Study guide 2 (Latest complete solution guide)

Endocrine Study guide 2 types of glands- exocrine and endocrine (each does what?) • Exocrine glands (e.g., salivary, sweat, digestive) discharge their products through ducts • Endocrine glands (ductless) secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct Hypothalamus- what it does and action on hormones, regulates, effects on pituitary • Action/regulation of hypothalamus o Regulation of certain metabolic processes & other activities of the autonomic NS o Synthesizes & secretes releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones o Temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive o Area of the brain that houses the pituitary gland & other glands • Hormones- TSH, TRF, CRF o TSH: produced by the pituitary gland & responsible for regulating the amount of hormones released by the thyroid o TRF (thyrotropin-releasing factor) produced by the hypothalamus. Stimulates the release of TSH & prolactin from the anterior pituitary o CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor) peptide hormone involved in the stress response Direct and indirect control of hormones- define • Direct Control o Involves endocrine cells releasing secretions into blood stream as a result of changes in extracellular fluid composition o Ex. Decrease in calcium levels causes release of parathyroid hormone, causing release of calcium by target cells • Indirect Control o Pathway via negative feedback through the hypothalamus o Controls adrenal cells via autonomic pathways o Secretes specialized regulatory hormones which regulate activity of pituitary gland Pituitary – anterior and posterior control of certain hormones- be able to name and action pertaining to ADH and ACTH, TSH ADH- other name Hormone disorders- define primary, secondary, tertiary o Primary – defect originates in gland o Secondary – at pituitary gland, defect in level of stimulating hormone or releasing factor o Tertiary – dysfunction of hypothalamus, both pituitary & target organ under-stimulated Negative feedback loop- define and understand examples Adrenal glands- secrete ?, function of each o Adrenal cortex – secretes glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, cortisol, corticosterone), mineral corticoids (aldosterone), sex hormones o Glucocorticoids  Stimulates lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.  They break down fat and body proteins to provide a source of energy during periods of fasting (produces glucose by breaking down fat)  Affect defense mechanisms of the body and influences emotional functioning  Suppress inflammation and inhibits scar tissue formation  Antagonizes insulin o Mineralocorticoid  Aldosterone is the primary hormone for the long-term regulation of sodium balance. (It promotes conservation of Na+ and elimination of K+).  ACTH has only a little influence over the secretion of aldosterone.  Release of aldosterone is also increased by hyperkalemia o Sex hormones (androgen)  exerts effects similar to male sex hormones  May also secrete some estrogens and is controlled by ACTH  When secreted in normal amounts, there is little effect. But when secreted in excess, masculinization may result. Adrenogenital syndrome o Adrenal medulla – secretes catecholamines (epi/norepi) o Epinephrine AKA adrenaline o Antiasthmatic brochodilator and Vasopressor o Vasoconstriction o Maintenance of HR& BP o localization/prolongation of local/spinal anesthetic o Norepinephrine AKA levophed or noradrenaline o Vasopressor o Increase BP & CO o Vasoconstriction o Myocardial stimulation Diabetes insipidus- define, causes, signs and symptoms o Clinical manifestations: enormous daily output of very dilute urine, extreme thirst, poor skin turgor, weight loss, anorexia o Fluid restrictions won’t help SIADH- define, causes, signs and symptom o Disorders of the CNS may stimulate the hypothalamus-pituitary system to secrete ADH such as: head injury, brain surgery, tumor, infections o Clinical manifestations: hyponatremia, fluid overload without peripheral edema, lethargy, personality changes, seizures, increase in thirst o Fluid restrictions will help 1,000 cc/day Difference between DI and SIADH Thyroid gland- describe function 2 cell types • Parafollicular cells- secrete calcitonin (secreted in response to high plasma calcium level & increases calcium deposit in bone) • Follicular cells- secrete thyroid hormone Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion o T3 stimulates metabolism o T4 is inactive until converted into T3 in the tissues o Secretion is regulated by hypothalamus & anterior pituitary gland (negative feedback loop) o High levels of iodine – temporary decrease in thyroid hormone activity o Exposure to cold – stimulates increased thyroid hormone production Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone-where originates and what happens o TRF originates from the hypothalamus o TSH originates from the anterior pituitary Hormones produced- define and action of each • Thyroxine (T4)- o Most abundant, 90% of thyroid secretion o Better indicator of thyroid function • Triodthyronine (T3) o Most powerful o 10% secreted by thyroid the rest is converted from T4 by the peripheral tissues o measures serum levels (helpful in diagnosing hyperthyroidism when T4 is normal) o T3 has a greater effect on metabolism Thyroid hormones travel through blood how? o Thyroid hormone travels through bloodstream attached to carrier protein - thyroxine – binding globulin