Test Bank For Psychology Around Us, 4th Canadian Edition by Nancy Ogden, Michael Boyes, Evelyn Field, Ronald Comer

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Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
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transmission of this page is prohibited 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i


CHAPTER 1 9i 9i

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PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY 9i 9i 9i 9i

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CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES 9i 9i 9i

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1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
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Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
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The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and ment
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processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
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more than others. 9i 9i 9i


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The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the brain (th
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biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the perso
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(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
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behaviour). 9i

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2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
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Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
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Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
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theories of human consciousness and reality.
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The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
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contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
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3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
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methods. 9i


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The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
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environment and development of new technology. 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i


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The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhel
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Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied throug
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small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
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Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon the
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use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
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structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
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William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
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He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours, forming
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a
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school of thought known as functionalism.
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Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
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consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
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individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of the
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parts. 9i

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4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
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cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
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Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what w
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the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields
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DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i


nursytestbank.store
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Psychology: Yesterday and Today 9i 9i 9i 9i


1-2
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Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
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transmission of this page is prohibited 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i


were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of
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thought. 9i


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Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious ment
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processes. 9i


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Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful stu
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of observable behaviours.
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Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
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behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
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, Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the
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workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
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Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
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inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
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5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
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psychology. 9i


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The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased dramaticall
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over recent years.
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There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
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Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
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united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
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driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
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Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
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diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the
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development of new schools such as positive psychology. 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i

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DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
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nursytestbank.store
1-3 9i 9i 9i


Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
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Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
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transmission of this page is prohibited 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i


TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS 9i 9i

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1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
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Answer: True 9i 9i

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Difficulty: Easy 9i 9i


Bloomcode: Knowledge 9i 9i


Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
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psychologists use. 9i 9i


Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
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2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences beh
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aviour. 9i

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Answer: True 9i 9i

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