NTR 555 TEST PAPER 1 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔allows the muscle to increase its anaerobic metabolism - ✔✔cori cycle
✔✔Point where some negative consequences are evident in some people. PA > 90
min/day of vigorous PA could increase risk of hip and knee osteoarthritis and could
cause weight loss - ✔✔UL
✔✔An observed intake in healthy people; 30 min/day 3 to 5 times per week may reduce
risk for heart disease - ✔✔AI
✔✔150-300 min/week of moderate to vigorous PA is needed to prevent weight gain
associated with aging - ✔✔EAR
✔✔Estimated requirement plus a safety factor to cover population variation, 300
min/week of moderate to vigourous PA - ✔✔RDA
✔✔Glycogen loading, also called glycogen super-compensation, refers to
a. eating a diet high in meat products so as to absorb the glycogen that is stored there
b. a practice of lowering muscle glycogen in the week before a competition, and then
consuming above average carbohydrate for one or two days before the event
c. monitoring the diet to consume 100 g of carbohydrate per hour of endurance exercise
in a workout
d. monitoring the diet to consume 100 g of carbohydrate per hour of resistance exercise
in a workout - ✔✔a practice of lowering muscle glycogen in the week before a
competition, and then consuming above-average carbohydrate for one or two days
before the event
✔✔During the complete oxidation of a carbohydrate to make ATP, the oxidized end
product is _______________; and the reduced end product is _________________.
a. ADP; NADH
b. carbon dioxide; NADH
c. lactic acid; ADP
d. carbon dioxide; water - ✔✔carbon dioxide; water
✔✔the rate of resynthesis of glycogen after vigorous exercise is affected by all of the
following except:
a. the saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio of the fats in the diet
b. the glycemic load of the diet
c. training status of the individual
d. time after exercise that food is eaten - ✔✔the saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio
of the fats in the diet
,✔✔the process by which information in the base sequences on mRNA are used to
determine the sequence of amino acids in protein is called
a. osmosis
b. oxidation
c. reduction
d. translation
e. transcription - ✔✔translation
✔✔in the form of what compound is most amino N (nitrogen) excreted?
a. urea
b. ammonia
c. glutamine
d. essential amino acids - ✔✔urea
✔✔protein turnover is a simultaneous synthesis and degradation of protein in various
tissues, so it is also
a. regulated by ATP needs
b. energetically neutral
c. energetically expensive
d. energy generating - ✔✔energetically expensive
✔✔according to the US Dietary Reference Intakes, the RDA for protein in adults is
_______ per kilogram of body weight per day
a. .80 g
b. .85 g
c. .95 g
d. 1.5 g
1. 1.6 g - ✔✔.80 g
✔✔which of the following has the least effect on fat oxidation
a. training
b. exercise duration
c. exercise intensity
d. carnitine supplementation - ✔✔carnitine supplementation
✔✔lipolysis in adipose tissue is stimulated by
a. adrenaline and cortisol
b. insulin and adrenaline
c. leptin and insulin
d. adrenaline and leptin - ✔✔adrenaline and cortisol
✔✔the capacity of the aerobically trained muscle, compared to an untrained limb of an
individual, to use fatty acids as a fuel does not result in
a. increased intramuscular triacylglycerol utilization
, b. higher plasma free acid concentration
c. sparing of muscle glycogen
d. reduction in lactic acid formation
e. sparing blood glucose - ✔✔higher plasma free fatty acid concentration
✔✔determining the appropriate ratio of fat to carbohydrate use in a human can be done
by...
a. monitoring urine urea concentration
b. determining the percentage of convective blood flow
c. measuring blood glucose level
d. measuring respiratory oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production -
✔✔measuring respiratory oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production
✔✔during catabolism, both fatty acids and glucose are converted to ___________ on
the path to complete oxidation
a. pyruvate
b. triaclyglycerols
c. glycerol
d. acetyl-CoA - ✔✔acetyl-CoA
✔✔When glucose enters the muscle cell, it is immediately phosphorylated by
a. hexokinase
b. glucose-6-phosphatase
c. pyruvate dehydrogenase
d. phosphorylase - ✔✔hexokinase
✔✔which of the following does not play an important role in glycogen resynthesis
postexercise
a. the amount of carbohydrate ingested
b. the timing of ingestion of the meal
c. the type of carbohydrate
d. the glycemic index of the meal - ✔✔the type of carbohydrate
✔✔which of the following is not an effect of ingesting carbohydrates 2 to 3 hours before
exercise
a. increased carbohydrate oxidation and accelerated glycogen breakdown will occur
during exercise
b. fatty acid mobilization and fat oxidation will be blunted
c. plasma glucose and insulin concentrations will rise and will continue to be high until
the start of exercise
d. a transient fall in plasma glucose will occur with the onset of exercise - ✔✔plasma
glucose and insulin concentrations will rise and will continue to be high until the start of
exercise
SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔allows the muscle to increase its anaerobic metabolism - ✔✔cori cycle
✔✔Point where some negative consequences are evident in some people. PA > 90
min/day of vigorous PA could increase risk of hip and knee osteoarthritis and could
cause weight loss - ✔✔UL
✔✔An observed intake in healthy people; 30 min/day 3 to 5 times per week may reduce
risk for heart disease - ✔✔AI
✔✔150-300 min/week of moderate to vigorous PA is needed to prevent weight gain
associated with aging - ✔✔EAR
✔✔Estimated requirement plus a safety factor to cover population variation, 300
min/week of moderate to vigourous PA - ✔✔RDA
✔✔Glycogen loading, also called glycogen super-compensation, refers to
a. eating a diet high in meat products so as to absorb the glycogen that is stored there
b. a practice of lowering muscle glycogen in the week before a competition, and then
consuming above average carbohydrate for one or two days before the event
c. monitoring the diet to consume 100 g of carbohydrate per hour of endurance exercise
in a workout
d. monitoring the diet to consume 100 g of carbohydrate per hour of resistance exercise
in a workout - ✔✔a practice of lowering muscle glycogen in the week before a
competition, and then consuming above-average carbohydrate for one or two days
before the event
✔✔During the complete oxidation of a carbohydrate to make ATP, the oxidized end
product is _______________; and the reduced end product is _________________.
a. ADP; NADH
b. carbon dioxide; NADH
c. lactic acid; ADP
d. carbon dioxide; water - ✔✔carbon dioxide; water
✔✔the rate of resynthesis of glycogen after vigorous exercise is affected by all of the
following except:
a. the saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio of the fats in the diet
b. the glycemic load of the diet
c. training status of the individual
d. time after exercise that food is eaten - ✔✔the saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio
of the fats in the diet
,✔✔the process by which information in the base sequences on mRNA are used to
determine the sequence of amino acids in protein is called
a. osmosis
b. oxidation
c. reduction
d. translation
e. transcription - ✔✔translation
✔✔in the form of what compound is most amino N (nitrogen) excreted?
a. urea
b. ammonia
c. glutamine
d. essential amino acids - ✔✔urea
✔✔protein turnover is a simultaneous synthesis and degradation of protein in various
tissues, so it is also
a. regulated by ATP needs
b. energetically neutral
c. energetically expensive
d. energy generating - ✔✔energetically expensive
✔✔according to the US Dietary Reference Intakes, the RDA for protein in adults is
_______ per kilogram of body weight per day
a. .80 g
b. .85 g
c. .95 g
d. 1.5 g
1. 1.6 g - ✔✔.80 g
✔✔which of the following has the least effect on fat oxidation
a. training
b. exercise duration
c. exercise intensity
d. carnitine supplementation - ✔✔carnitine supplementation
✔✔lipolysis in adipose tissue is stimulated by
a. adrenaline and cortisol
b. insulin and adrenaline
c. leptin and insulin
d. adrenaline and leptin - ✔✔adrenaline and cortisol
✔✔the capacity of the aerobically trained muscle, compared to an untrained limb of an
individual, to use fatty acids as a fuel does not result in
a. increased intramuscular triacylglycerol utilization
, b. higher plasma free acid concentration
c. sparing of muscle glycogen
d. reduction in lactic acid formation
e. sparing blood glucose - ✔✔higher plasma free fatty acid concentration
✔✔determining the appropriate ratio of fat to carbohydrate use in a human can be done
by...
a. monitoring urine urea concentration
b. determining the percentage of convective blood flow
c. measuring blood glucose level
d. measuring respiratory oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production -
✔✔measuring respiratory oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production
✔✔during catabolism, both fatty acids and glucose are converted to ___________ on
the path to complete oxidation
a. pyruvate
b. triaclyglycerols
c. glycerol
d. acetyl-CoA - ✔✔acetyl-CoA
✔✔When glucose enters the muscle cell, it is immediately phosphorylated by
a. hexokinase
b. glucose-6-phosphatase
c. pyruvate dehydrogenase
d. phosphorylase - ✔✔hexokinase
✔✔which of the following does not play an important role in glycogen resynthesis
postexercise
a. the amount of carbohydrate ingested
b. the timing of ingestion of the meal
c. the type of carbohydrate
d. the glycemic index of the meal - ✔✔the type of carbohydrate
✔✔which of the following is not an effect of ingesting carbohydrates 2 to 3 hours before
exercise
a. increased carbohydrate oxidation and accelerated glycogen breakdown will occur
during exercise
b. fatty acid mobilization and fat oxidation will be blunted
c. plasma glucose and insulin concentrations will rise and will continue to be high until
the start of exercise
d. a transient fall in plasma glucose will occur with the onset of exercise - ✔✔plasma
glucose and insulin concentrations will rise and will continue to be high until the start of
exercise
