Chamberlain BIOS 251 Exam 1 |303 Questions and
Answers
What 4 ways do you examine the body? - -Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation and
Percussion
-Inspection - -Seeing the body
-Palpation - -to examine by touch
-Auscultation - -Listening with a stethoscope
-Percussion - -taking hands and beating over certain parts of body
-Medical Imaging - -methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, i.e.
radiology
-Gross Anatomy - -Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
-Histology - -the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
-Histopathology - -microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
-Cytology - -study of structure and function of cells
-Ultrastructure - -fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron
microscope
-Subdisciplines of Physiology - -neurophysiology, endocrinology, pathophysiology
-Neurophysiology - -physiology of the nervous system
-Endocrinology - -study of hormones
-Pathophysiology - -mechanisms of disease
-Hippocrates - -Father of medicine
-Scientific Fact - -information that can be independently verified
-Law of Nature - -a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy
behave
-Theory - -explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and
confirmed hypotheses
,-Bipedalism - -the ability to walk upright on two legs
-The Hierarchy of Complexity - -Organ system-organs-tissues-cells-organelles-molecules-
atoms
-situs invertus - -heart is on the opposite side
-Organization - -living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things
-Cellular Composition - -living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
-Metabolism - -internal chemical reactions; the sum of all biochemical events that occur in
the body
-Responsiveness - -ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
-Movement - -of organism and/or of substances within the organism
-Characteristics of life - -organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness
and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution
-Homeostasis - -the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and
thereby maintain stable internal conditions
-Physiological Variation - -Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and
environment
-Feedback Loops - -biological mechanisms where homeostasis is maintained
-Homeostasis in Body Temperature - --If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating
begins (heat-losing mechanism)
-If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)
-Negative Feedback - -a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions
that reduce the stimulus
-Receptor - -structure that senses change in the body
-Integrating (control) Center - -control center that processes the sensory information,
"makes a decision," and directs the response
-Effector - -cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
-Positive Feedback - -Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is repeated. Normal
way of producing rapid changes. Can sometimes be dangerous. ex. childbirth
, -Gradient - -a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure
between two points. Chemicals flow down concentration gradients. Charged particles flow
down electrical gradients. Heat flows down thermal gradients.
-CT Scan - -computed tomography scan
-MRI - -magnetic resonance imaging
-PET scan - -a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of
glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
-Sonography - -high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
-The relationship between function and structure - -Form creates function, function
predicts form
-The primary function of red blood cells - -To transport vital gases to and from the body
tissues. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues
to the lungs so that it can be exhaled out of the body.
-How are red blood cells unlike other body cells? - -As they mature they lose their nucleus
and organelles, which allows room for more hemoglobin molecules which are oxygen
binding proteins.
-What do red blood cells display? - -Viscoelasticity, they have the ability to go back to their
original shape if they become deformed due to stress. This allows them to be able to flow
through narrow blood vessels.
-Superior - -Structure that is toward the head of the body
-How many body cavities are in the body? - -4
-Ventral/Dorsal - -front and back
-anterior/posterior - -Toward the ventral side
Toward the dorsal side
-Cephallic - -toward the head or superior end
-Rostral - -toward the forehead or nose
-Caudal - -toward the tail or inferior end
-Inferior - -below
Answers
What 4 ways do you examine the body? - -Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation and
Percussion
-Inspection - -Seeing the body
-Palpation - -to examine by touch
-Auscultation - -Listening with a stethoscope
-Percussion - -taking hands and beating over certain parts of body
-Medical Imaging - -methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, i.e.
radiology
-Gross Anatomy - -Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
-Histology - -the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
-Histopathology - -microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
-Cytology - -study of structure and function of cells
-Ultrastructure - -fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron
microscope
-Subdisciplines of Physiology - -neurophysiology, endocrinology, pathophysiology
-Neurophysiology - -physiology of the nervous system
-Endocrinology - -study of hormones
-Pathophysiology - -mechanisms of disease
-Hippocrates - -Father of medicine
-Scientific Fact - -information that can be independently verified
-Law of Nature - -a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy
behave
-Theory - -explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and
confirmed hypotheses
,-Bipedalism - -the ability to walk upright on two legs
-The Hierarchy of Complexity - -Organ system-organs-tissues-cells-organelles-molecules-
atoms
-situs invertus - -heart is on the opposite side
-Organization - -living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things
-Cellular Composition - -living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
-Metabolism - -internal chemical reactions; the sum of all biochemical events that occur in
the body
-Responsiveness - -ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
-Movement - -of organism and/or of substances within the organism
-Characteristics of life - -organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness
and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution
-Homeostasis - -the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and
thereby maintain stable internal conditions
-Physiological Variation - -Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and
environment
-Feedback Loops - -biological mechanisms where homeostasis is maintained
-Homeostasis in Body Temperature - --If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating
begins (heat-losing mechanism)
-If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)
-Negative Feedback - -a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions
that reduce the stimulus
-Receptor - -structure that senses change in the body
-Integrating (control) Center - -control center that processes the sensory information,
"makes a decision," and directs the response
-Effector - -cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
-Positive Feedback - -Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is repeated. Normal
way of producing rapid changes. Can sometimes be dangerous. ex. childbirth
, -Gradient - -a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure
between two points. Chemicals flow down concentration gradients. Charged particles flow
down electrical gradients. Heat flows down thermal gradients.
-CT Scan - -computed tomography scan
-MRI - -magnetic resonance imaging
-PET scan - -a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of
glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
-Sonography - -high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
-The relationship between function and structure - -Form creates function, function
predicts form
-The primary function of red blood cells - -To transport vital gases to and from the body
tissues. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues
to the lungs so that it can be exhaled out of the body.
-How are red blood cells unlike other body cells? - -As they mature they lose their nucleus
and organelles, which allows room for more hemoglobin molecules which are oxygen
binding proteins.
-What do red blood cells display? - -Viscoelasticity, they have the ability to go back to their
original shape if they become deformed due to stress. This allows them to be able to flow
through narrow blood vessels.
-Superior - -Structure that is toward the head of the body
-How many body cavities are in the body? - -4
-Ventral/Dorsal - -front and back
-anterior/posterior - -Toward the ventral side
Toward the dorsal side
-Cephallic - -toward the head or superior end
-Rostral - -toward the forehead or nose
-Caudal - -toward the tail or inferior end
-Inferior - -below
