NUR 305 - Final Exam
Endocrine- - answer endocrine glands
pituitary- - answer pituitary glands
hypophys- - answer pituitary glands
thyr- - answer thyroid gland
adren- - answer adrenal gland
Adrenocortical- - answer adrenal cortex
insul- - answer pancreatic islets
aden- - answer gland
glyc- - answer sugar or glucose
poly- - answer much, many
crin- - answer to secrete
-dipsia - answerthirst
-phagia - answerhunger
-uria - answerurinate
hormones - answerchemical messengers
function:
- can work on distant cells (endocrine)
- can work on nearby cells (paracrine)
- can work on itself (autocrine)
- affects all body systems / organs as they are controlled or influenced by some
hormone
bound hormone - answertransported through protein carriers
free hormone - answer- needs to be free to send the message to the target tissue
- excess is conjugated through liver
,deficient hormone - answerdue to
- autoimmunity
- infection
- inflammation
- infarction
- tumor
excess hormone - answertumor
- autoimmunity
- genetic mutation
hormone resistance - answercausing dysfunctional receptor sites
hypothalamus-pituitary-hormone axis primary - answerat the site of the gland
hypothalamus-pituitary-hormone axis secondary - answerpituitary
hypothalamus-pituitary-hormone axis tertiary - answerhypothalamus
tropic hormone - answerprecursor hormone
negative feedback - answer- increased amount of hormone causes inhibition of relapse
- most hormones
- maintain homeostasis negate something
- sweating when hot
positive feedback - answer- increased amount of hormone causes more to be released
- exaggerate something
- labor --> contractions get more intense
down regulation - answer- prolonged, excessive stimulation of endocrine system
leads to:
- decrease in number of receptor sites
- receptor insensitivity
- system is depleted; hormone cannot cause desired effects
- example: taking excessive steroids
hypothalamus - answer- hypothalamic hormones regulate the synthesis and secretion of
pituitary gland hormones
anterior pituitary gland hormones - answer- growth hormone (GH)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
,- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- prolactin
- melanocyte-stimulate hormone (MSH)
growth hormone - answerno precursor; controls growth
thyroid stimulating hormone - answercontrols release of T3 and T4
adrenocorticotropic hormone - answerstress precursor (cortisol)
follicle stimulating hormone - answerfertility
lutenizing hormone - answerreproduction hormone
prolactin - answerlactation
melanocyte stimulating hormone - answerskin color pigmentation
posterior pituitary gland - answeronly stores hormones
- antidiuretic hormone
- oxytocin
hypopituitarism - answerdecreased secretion of anterior pituitary
hypopituitarism causes - answer- congenital
- destruction of anterior pituitary (medicine)
- deficiency of hypothalamic hormones: due to stress, change in body weight, anorexia,
bulimia, heart failure
- pituitary adenomas
hypopituitarism clinical manifestations - answerdepends on hormone affected
- growth defects in children and organ dysfunction
- fever
- weakness
hypopituitarism growth hormone clinical manifestations - answer- decreased growth in
children
hypopituitarism reproductive hormone clinical manifestations - answer- amenorrhea
- decreased libido
- erectile dysfunction
hypopituitarism thyroid hormone clinical manifestations - answer- cold intolerance
- dry skin
- mental dullness
- nausea (also ACTH)
, - anorexia (also ACTH)
- postural hypotension
hyperpituitarism - answer- over secretion of anterior pituitary
- all hormones (except GH) control the biosynthesis and secretion of hormones from
other target endocrine glands
hyperpituitarism causes - answer- pituitary adenomas
- hypothalamic lesions
hyperpituitarism clinical manifestations - answerdepends on hormones affected
- amenorrhea (repro hormone)
- galactorrhea (repro hormone)
- visual disturbances
- headache
- acromegaly
ADH: antidiuretic hormone - answer- anti-urinate
- synthesized by hypothalamus
- stored and secreted by posterior pituitary
- essential to maintain body's fluid balance through reabsorption of water by the kidneys
- aka vasopressin
diabetes insipidus - answer- decreased ADH secretion or renal response to ASH
resulting in excess water loss
- fails to concentrate urine (clear urine)
- pee a lot
diabetes insipidus clinical manifestations - answer- extreme thirst
- dehydration
- polyuria
- enuresis (bed wetting)
- hypernatremia
neurogenic (central) causes of diabetes insipidus - answer- diseases that affect
hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system
- head injury
- brain surgery
- gestational
nephrogenic causes of diabetes insipidus - answer- congenital
- pyelonephritis
- lithium toxicity
- electrolyte disorders
- chronic hypercalcemia
- hypokalemia
Endocrine- - answer endocrine glands
pituitary- - answer pituitary glands
hypophys- - answer pituitary glands
thyr- - answer thyroid gland
adren- - answer adrenal gland
Adrenocortical- - answer adrenal cortex
insul- - answer pancreatic islets
aden- - answer gland
glyc- - answer sugar or glucose
poly- - answer much, many
crin- - answer to secrete
-dipsia - answerthirst
-phagia - answerhunger
-uria - answerurinate
hormones - answerchemical messengers
function:
- can work on distant cells (endocrine)
- can work on nearby cells (paracrine)
- can work on itself (autocrine)
- affects all body systems / organs as they are controlled or influenced by some
hormone
bound hormone - answertransported through protein carriers
free hormone - answer- needs to be free to send the message to the target tissue
- excess is conjugated through liver
,deficient hormone - answerdue to
- autoimmunity
- infection
- inflammation
- infarction
- tumor
excess hormone - answertumor
- autoimmunity
- genetic mutation
hormone resistance - answercausing dysfunctional receptor sites
hypothalamus-pituitary-hormone axis primary - answerat the site of the gland
hypothalamus-pituitary-hormone axis secondary - answerpituitary
hypothalamus-pituitary-hormone axis tertiary - answerhypothalamus
tropic hormone - answerprecursor hormone
negative feedback - answer- increased amount of hormone causes inhibition of relapse
- most hormones
- maintain homeostasis negate something
- sweating when hot
positive feedback - answer- increased amount of hormone causes more to be released
- exaggerate something
- labor --> contractions get more intense
down regulation - answer- prolonged, excessive stimulation of endocrine system
leads to:
- decrease in number of receptor sites
- receptor insensitivity
- system is depleted; hormone cannot cause desired effects
- example: taking excessive steroids
hypothalamus - answer- hypothalamic hormones regulate the synthesis and secretion of
pituitary gland hormones
anterior pituitary gland hormones - answer- growth hormone (GH)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
,- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- prolactin
- melanocyte-stimulate hormone (MSH)
growth hormone - answerno precursor; controls growth
thyroid stimulating hormone - answercontrols release of T3 and T4
adrenocorticotropic hormone - answerstress precursor (cortisol)
follicle stimulating hormone - answerfertility
lutenizing hormone - answerreproduction hormone
prolactin - answerlactation
melanocyte stimulating hormone - answerskin color pigmentation
posterior pituitary gland - answeronly stores hormones
- antidiuretic hormone
- oxytocin
hypopituitarism - answerdecreased secretion of anterior pituitary
hypopituitarism causes - answer- congenital
- destruction of anterior pituitary (medicine)
- deficiency of hypothalamic hormones: due to stress, change in body weight, anorexia,
bulimia, heart failure
- pituitary adenomas
hypopituitarism clinical manifestations - answerdepends on hormone affected
- growth defects in children and organ dysfunction
- fever
- weakness
hypopituitarism growth hormone clinical manifestations - answer- decreased growth in
children
hypopituitarism reproductive hormone clinical manifestations - answer- amenorrhea
- decreased libido
- erectile dysfunction
hypopituitarism thyroid hormone clinical manifestations - answer- cold intolerance
- dry skin
- mental dullness
- nausea (also ACTH)
, - anorexia (also ACTH)
- postural hypotension
hyperpituitarism - answer- over secretion of anterior pituitary
- all hormones (except GH) control the biosynthesis and secretion of hormones from
other target endocrine glands
hyperpituitarism causes - answer- pituitary adenomas
- hypothalamic lesions
hyperpituitarism clinical manifestations - answerdepends on hormones affected
- amenorrhea (repro hormone)
- galactorrhea (repro hormone)
- visual disturbances
- headache
- acromegaly
ADH: antidiuretic hormone - answer- anti-urinate
- synthesized by hypothalamus
- stored and secreted by posterior pituitary
- essential to maintain body's fluid balance through reabsorption of water by the kidneys
- aka vasopressin
diabetes insipidus - answer- decreased ADH secretion or renal response to ASH
resulting in excess water loss
- fails to concentrate urine (clear urine)
- pee a lot
diabetes insipidus clinical manifestations - answer- extreme thirst
- dehydration
- polyuria
- enuresis (bed wetting)
- hypernatremia
neurogenic (central) causes of diabetes insipidus - answer- diseases that affect
hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system
- head injury
- brain surgery
- gestational
nephrogenic causes of diabetes insipidus - answer- congenital
- pyelonephritis
- lithium toxicity
- electrolyte disorders
- chronic hypercalcemia
- hypokalemia
