NUR 305- Foundational Concepts
Pathophysiology - answer science of disease causing
Etiology - answer cause of reason for the event
Pathogenesis - answer development and evolution of a disease
Clinical manifestations - answer signs & symptoms of disease
Glycoproteins - answer surface markers, also called antigens, that identify cells as part
of the individual's own issues.
Example: Red blood cells have them
The sodium-potassium pump - answer Maintains resting electrical potential across cell
membranes, ion concentration of body fluids: three sodium ions pumped out and two
potassium ions are pumped in
The NA+/K+ pump - answer can be pharmacologically altered through the
administration of certain drugs
Mitochondria – answer Powerhouses, unique DNA-maternal source, exercises induces
multiplication
Two types of energy creation: aerobic & anaerobic respiration
Mutation & damage of mitochondria - answerhas been implicated in aging and in some
disorders such as diabetes, cancer, and heart failure
Mitochondrial disease - answercauses a wide array of problems, including energy
depletion and severe muscle weakness
Lysosomes - answerimportant to cellular metabolic processes. Lack of lysosomes lead
to accumulation of harmful substances
Lysosome deficiency - answerleads to accumulation of ganglioside leads to progressive
disease neurological decline. Most children die by age 5
Proteasomes - answerdegrade polypeptides, proteins
Peroxisomes - answerdegrade long-chain fatty acids
Adrenoleukodystrophy - answeris a disorder a dysfunctional peroxisomes in which long-
chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous system. Leads to dementia, paralysis, death
, Cachexia - answerAccelerated protease activity in the cells (syndrome of body mass
wasting)
rRNA - answermake proteins, in severe hypoxia, it stops making proteins
mRNA - answerprotein "blueprint" from nucleus
tRNA - answerassembly of proteins
Golgi apparatus - answerprocessing & packaging of proteins. Transport is via secretory
vesicles
Microtubules & filaments - answertransport, structural support, and movement
The nucleus - answerDNA, review transcription, translation, and protein synthesis on
your own
Cellular adaptation - answerAllows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function
Hyperplasia - answercaused by hormonal stimulation occurs in elderly males. Prostate
gland cells increase in number because of testosterone stimulation
Benign - answerWell-differentiated, do not metastasize
Malignant - answerPoorly differentiated, "primitive looking", "messy"
Out of control growth
Metastasizes/ breaks off into circulatory system, "seeds" into other organs and tissues
Cell injury - answermost diseases start with it, can be reversible to a point, normal
states, it is balanced with renewal
Causes of cell injury - answerPhysical agents, biologic agents, radiation, nutritional
imbalances, chemical, poisoning/toxicity, and drugs
Stresses damage cells by - answerDirect: damage to proteins, membranes, DNA
-ATP depletion
-Free radical formation
-Increased intracellular calcium
Stressed cells may fill up with - answer-Unused foods: lipids, glycogen
-Abnormal proteins
-Pigments
-Calcium deposits
Hypoxia - answercauses ATP depletion or power failure
Pathophysiology - answer science of disease causing
Etiology - answer cause of reason for the event
Pathogenesis - answer development and evolution of a disease
Clinical manifestations - answer signs & symptoms of disease
Glycoproteins - answer surface markers, also called antigens, that identify cells as part
of the individual's own issues.
Example: Red blood cells have them
The sodium-potassium pump - answer Maintains resting electrical potential across cell
membranes, ion concentration of body fluids: three sodium ions pumped out and two
potassium ions are pumped in
The NA+/K+ pump - answer can be pharmacologically altered through the
administration of certain drugs
Mitochondria – answer Powerhouses, unique DNA-maternal source, exercises induces
multiplication
Two types of energy creation: aerobic & anaerobic respiration
Mutation & damage of mitochondria - answerhas been implicated in aging and in some
disorders such as diabetes, cancer, and heart failure
Mitochondrial disease - answercauses a wide array of problems, including energy
depletion and severe muscle weakness
Lysosomes - answerimportant to cellular metabolic processes. Lack of lysosomes lead
to accumulation of harmful substances
Lysosome deficiency - answerleads to accumulation of ganglioside leads to progressive
disease neurological decline. Most children die by age 5
Proteasomes - answerdegrade polypeptides, proteins
Peroxisomes - answerdegrade long-chain fatty acids
Adrenoleukodystrophy - answeris a disorder a dysfunctional peroxisomes in which long-
chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous system. Leads to dementia, paralysis, death
, Cachexia - answerAccelerated protease activity in the cells (syndrome of body mass
wasting)
rRNA - answermake proteins, in severe hypoxia, it stops making proteins
mRNA - answerprotein "blueprint" from nucleus
tRNA - answerassembly of proteins
Golgi apparatus - answerprocessing & packaging of proteins. Transport is via secretory
vesicles
Microtubules & filaments - answertransport, structural support, and movement
The nucleus - answerDNA, review transcription, translation, and protein synthesis on
your own
Cellular adaptation - answerAllows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function
Hyperplasia - answercaused by hormonal stimulation occurs in elderly males. Prostate
gland cells increase in number because of testosterone stimulation
Benign - answerWell-differentiated, do not metastasize
Malignant - answerPoorly differentiated, "primitive looking", "messy"
Out of control growth
Metastasizes/ breaks off into circulatory system, "seeds" into other organs and tissues
Cell injury - answermost diseases start with it, can be reversible to a point, normal
states, it is balanced with renewal
Causes of cell injury - answerPhysical agents, biologic agents, radiation, nutritional
imbalances, chemical, poisoning/toxicity, and drugs
Stresses damage cells by - answerDirect: damage to proteins, membranes, DNA
-ATP depletion
-Free radical formation
-Increased intracellular calcium
Stressed cells may fill up with - answer-Unused foods: lipids, glycogen
-Abnormal proteins
-Pigments
-Calcium deposits
Hypoxia - answercauses ATP depletion or power failure
