NUR 305. Pathophysiology EXAM 1 -
Ch. 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 7, 8, 40)
Define cellular injury - answer cells that no longer maintain homeostasis
causes of cellular injury - answer hypoxic cell injury
free radical
physical agents
chemical injury
infectious agents
injurious immo reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
changes that occur during cellular injury - answer dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
loss of plasma membrane integrity
defects in protein synthesis ability
intracellular accumulations
genetic damage
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump - answer when the cells unable to produce sufficient ATP,
functions are reduced
EX: failure to active transport mechanisms
loss of plasma membrane integrity - answer when a breach occurs, injurious agents can
affect any of the organelle
EX: water can enter = swelling
EX: mitochondria can be damaged = stop energy production
defects in protein synthesis ability - answerdwindling ATP
EX: lack of protein synthesis = cell death
intracellular accumulations - answerEX: occur when liver is exposed to lots of alcohol
EX: (environmental) anthracosis - coal miners lung disease
genetic damage - answermutations
atrophy - answerdecrease in cell size
occurs when the cells environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
EX: shrinking of skeletal muscle cells - paralysis
hypertrophy - answerincrease in cell size
,EX: physiologic hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITH increase in supportive
structures - strength training
EX: pathological hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITHOUT increase in supportive
structures - hypertension
hyperplasia - answerincreasing the number of cells
EX: pregnancy - stimulated by hormones
EX (mal): scars
metaplasia - answerreplacement of one cell type of another cell type
EX: stomach
dysplasia - answerrange of cellular growth winter a specific tissue
EX: chronic inflammation of precancerous condition
neoplasia - answernew growth & disorganized cell growth = cancerous
can be benign or malignant
two types of cell deaths - answerapoptosis
necrosis
apoptosis - answerprogramed cell death
EX: menopause
necrosis - answercell death by injury
EX: stab die
interventions for cell injury - answercadaver
stem cell
cell cloning
ischemia - answerreduced blood flow
gangrene - answerdead tissue for certain types of bacteria
what is the nurses role in preventing cellular injury? - answerEX: The nurse's role in
caring for the patient with a hypoxic or cellular injury is mainly focused on maintaining
proper blood blow throughout body, while observing signs of deterioration.
DNA - answerthe double helical structure that can be broken down into nucleotides
nucleotide - answera combination of pentose sugar molecules, phosphate, and a purine
or pyrimidine
(nitrogen base: A, T, G, C)
codons - answerthe arrangement of three specific DNA basis
, gene locus - answerlocation on a chromsome
heterozygous alleles - answerdifferent codes for genetic traits
homozygous alleles - answeridentical codes for genetic traits
karyotype - answerrefers to a picture of the chromosomes are contained with the DNA
of the species
human = 23
genotype - answerindividual technical genetic make up
phenotype - answerdefined as how genetic traits manifest themselves an individual
gene penetrance - answerdetermined by whether the disorders symptoms are clearly
evident
gene expressivity - answerbased on the symptoms severity
genomics - answerthe study of the organisms multiple genes and their interactions
pharmacogenomics - answerthe study of how genes influence and individuals response
to medication
genogram - answergraphic representation of a family tree that displays detailed data on
relationships among individuals (more intense family tree)
Karyotyping - answerDetect chromosome abnormalities
What aspects of the genetic assessment are within the scope of practice for a nurse? -
answerPast medical history for genetic mutations, genetic makeup for your patient,
assessing physical symptoms, pre-natal genetic testing
Familial Hypercholesterolemia - answerGenes that code for LDL receptor in the liver
Processing of cholesterol cannot occur
Winner produces excessive cholesterol
Signs and symptoms of Familial Hypercholesterolemia - answerPremature
arteriosclerosis
Premature coronary artery disease
Premature myocardial infarction
Familial Adenmatous Polyposis - answerThe APC gene that causes the numerous
intestinal polyps and susceptibility to colon cancer
Ch. 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 7, 8, 40)
Define cellular injury - answer cells that no longer maintain homeostasis
causes of cellular injury - answer hypoxic cell injury
free radical
physical agents
chemical injury
infectious agents
injurious immo reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
changes that occur during cellular injury - answer dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
loss of plasma membrane integrity
defects in protein synthesis ability
intracellular accumulations
genetic damage
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump - answer when the cells unable to produce sufficient ATP,
functions are reduced
EX: failure to active transport mechanisms
loss of plasma membrane integrity - answer when a breach occurs, injurious agents can
affect any of the organelle
EX: water can enter = swelling
EX: mitochondria can be damaged = stop energy production
defects in protein synthesis ability - answerdwindling ATP
EX: lack of protein synthesis = cell death
intracellular accumulations - answerEX: occur when liver is exposed to lots of alcohol
EX: (environmental) anthracosis - coal miners lung disease
genetic damage - answermutations
atrophy - answerdecrease in cell size
occurs when the cells environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
EX: shrinking of skeletal muscle cells - paralysis
hypertrophy - answerincrease in cell size
,EX: physiologic hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITH increase in supportive
structures - strength training
EX: pathological hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITHOUT increase in supportive
structures - hypertension
hyperplasia - answerincreasing the number of cells
EX: pregnancy - stimulated by hormones
EX (mal): scars
metaplasia - answerreplacement of one cell type of another cell type
EX: stomach
dysplasia - answerrange of cellular growth winter a specific tissue
EX: chronic inflammation of precancerous condition
neoplasia - answernew growth & disorganized cell growth = cancerous
can be benign or malignant
two types of cell deaths - answerapoptosis
necrosis
apoptosis - answerprogramed cell death
EX: menopause
necrosis - answercell death by injury
EX: stab die
interventions for cell injury - answercadaver
stem cell
cell cloning
ischemia - answerreduced blood flow
gangrene - answerdead tissue for certain types of bacteria
what is the nurses role in preventing cellular injury? - answerEX: The nurse's role in
caring for the patient with a hypoxic or cellular injury is mainly focused on maintaining
proper blood blow throughout body, while observing signs of deterioration.
DNA - answerthe double helical structure that can be broken down into nucleotides
nucleotide - answera combination of pentose sugar molecules, phosphate, and a purine
or pyrimidine
(nitrogen base: A, T, G, C)
codons - answerthe arrangement of three specific DNA basis
, gene locus - answerlocation on a chromsome
heterozygous alleles - answerdifferent codes for genetic traits
homozygous alleles - answeridentical codes for genetic traits
karyotype - answerrefers to a picture of the chromosomes are contained with the DNA
of the species
human = 23
genotype - answerindividual technical genetic make up
phenotype - answerdefined as how genetic traits manifest themselves an individual
gene penetrance - answerdetermined by whether the disorders symptoms are clearly
evident
gene expressivity - answerbased on the symptoms severity
genomics - answerthe study of the organisms multiple genes and their interactions
pharmacogenomics - answerthe study of how genes influence and individuals response
to medication
genogram - answergraphic representation of a family tree that displays detailed data on
relationships among individuals (more intense family tree)
Karyotyping - answerDetect chromosome abnormalities
What aspects of the genetic assessment are within the scope of practice for a nurse? -
answerPast medical history for genetic mutations, genetic makeup for your patient,
assessing physical symptoms, pre-natal genetic testing
Familial Hypercholesterolemia - answerGenes that code for LDL receptor in the liver
Processing of cholesterol cannot occur
Winner produces excessive cholesterol
Signs and symptoms of Familial Hypercholesterolemia - answerPremature
arteriosclerosis
Premature coronary artery disease
Premature myocardial infarction
Familial Adenmatous Polyposis - answerThe APC gene that causes the numerous
intestinal polyps and susceptibility to colon cancer
