2025/2026 ANTEPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE (APH) NOTES

ANTEPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE
(APH)

Notes by Agradeservers.

, Table of Contents: Antepartum Haemorrhage (APH)

1. Introduction to Antepartum Haemorrhage
1.1. Definition and Clinical Significance
1.2. Incidence and Primary Causes (The "Big Four")
2. Initial Assessment and General Management
2.1. Immediate Evaluation of Mother and Fetus
2.2. History Taking and Risk Factor Identification
2.3. Abdominal and General Examination
2.4. General Management Principles and Resuscitation
3. Placenta Praevia
3.1. Definition and Pathophysiology
3.2. Classification (Grades 1-4)
3.3. Risk Factors and Etiology
3.4. Clinical Presentation (Signs and Symptoms)
3.5. Diagnostic Approach (Ultrasound, Double Set-Up)
3.6. Management and Delivery Planning
3.7. Potential Complications

,4. Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae)
4.1. Definition and Pathophysiology
4.2. Predisposing Factors and Causes
4.3. Types (Revealed, Concealed, Mixed)
4.4. Clinical Grading (Grade I, II, III)
4.5. Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
4.6. Comprehensive Management
4.7. Complications (DIC, Renal Failure, Couvelaire Uterus)
5. Vasa Praevia
5.1. Definition and Pathophysiology
5.2. Causes (Velamentous Cord Insertion, Succenturiate Lobe)
5.3. Risk Factors
5.4. Antenatal Diagnosis and Management
5.5. Acute Diagnosis and Clinical Presentation
6. Uterine Rupture
6.1. Definition and Risk Factors
6.2. Clinical Presentation
6.3. Emergency Management

, 7. Differential Diagnosis and Other Causes of APH
7.1. Unexplained and Incidental Haemorrhage
7.2. Other Abdominal and Gynecological Conditions
8. Comparative Analysis and Clinical Decision-Making
8.1. Differentiating Placenta Praevia vs. Abruptio Placentae
8.2. Indications for Delivery
8.3. Route of Delivery Decisions
9. Appendices / Quick Reference
9.1. General Management Algorithm for APH
9.2. Key Diagnostic Clues