UPDATED EPALS REAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
CORRECT ANSWERS
How to verify intubation? - answer-End tidal CO2 monitoring
Symmetrical chest rise and fall
Chest X-ray
Bilateral air entry
Pediatric airway differences - answer-- airway proportionately
narrower
- head larger so flexes on the neck and can cause partial obstruction
- small mouth but large tongue
- preferential nasal breather up to 6 months
- higher larynx (creates sharp angle)
Paediatric breathing differences - answer-- small resting lung volume
so low o2 reserve
- relies on diaphragm more than muscles
Paediatric circulation differences - answer-Circulating vol newborn =
80 ml/ kg
Decreases to around 60-70ml/kg in adulthood
MAP more accurate than systolic BP
Strider - answer-upper airway narrowing or obstruction, loud-high
pitched breath sound
, Wheezing - answer-A high-pitched, whistling breath sound that is most
prominent on expiration, and which suggests an obstruction or
narrowing of the lower airways; occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis.
grunting - answer-An "uh" sound heard during exhalation; reflects the
child's attempt to keep the alveoli open; a sign of increased work of
breathing.
5 categories of shock - answer-- Hypovolemic
- Cardiogenic
- Distributive
- Obstructive
- Dissociative
distributive shock - answer-Inadequate distribution of blood, flow
insufficient for the demand of the tissues. Eg - anaphylaxis, sepsis
Obstructive shock - answer-Shock that occurs when there is a block to
blood flow in the heart or great vessels, causing an insufficient blood
supply to the body's tissues. Eg cardiac tamponade, tension
pneumothorax
Dissociative shock - answer-Something that does not allow O2 to
reach the cells. Eg: CO posioning and anaemia
Cardiac output - answer-heart rate x stroke volume
CORRECT ANSWERS
How to verify intubation? - answer-End tidal CO2 monitoring
Symmetrical chest rise and fall
Chest X-ray
Bilateral air entry
Pediatric airway differences - answer-- airway proportionately
narrower
- head larger so flexes on the neck and can cause partial obstruction
- small mouth but large tongue
- preferential nasal breather up to 6 months
- higher larynx (creates sharp angle)
Paediatric breathing differences - answer-- small resting lung volume
so low o2 reserve
- relies on diaphragm more than muscles
Paediatric circulation differences - answer-Circulating vol newborn =
80 ml/ kg
Decreases to around 60-70ml/kg in adulthood
MAP more accurate than systolic BP
Strider - answer-upper airway narrowing or obstruction, loud-high
pitched breath sound
, Wheezing - answer-A high-pitched, whistling breath sound that is most
prominent on expiration, and which suggests an obstruction or
narrowing of the lower airways; occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis.
grunting - answer-An "uh" sound heard during exhalation; reflects the
child's attempt to keep the alveoli open; a sign of increased work of
breathing.
5 categories of shock - answer-- Hypovolemic
- Cardiogenic
- Distributive
- Obstructive
- Dissociative
distributive shock - answer-Inadequate distribution of blood, flow
insufficient for the demand of the tissues. Eg - anaphylaxis, sepsis
Obstructive shock - answer-Shock that occurs when there is a block to
blood flow in the heart or great vessels, causing an insufficient blood
supply to the body's tissues. Eg cardiac tamponade, tension
pneumothorax
Dissociative shock - answer-Something that does not allow O2 to
reach the cells. Eg: CO posioning and anaemia
Cardiac output - answer-heart rate x stroke volume
