CS6400 - EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATES 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 100% WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% PASS
GUARANTEED
logical (or conceptual) level - CORRECT ANSWER-how users interpret
the relation schemas and the meaning of their attributes
implementation (or physical storage) level - CORRECT ANSWER-how
the tuples in a base relation are stored and updated
bottom-up design methodology - CORRECT ANSWER-(also called
design by synthesis) considers the basic relationships among individual
attributes as the starting point and uses those to construct relation
schemas
,top-down design methodology - CORRECT ANSWER-(also called
design by analysis) starts with a number of groupings of attributes into
relations that exist together naturally
measures to determine the quality of relation schema design -
CORRECT ANSWER-■ Making sure that the semantics of the
attributes is clear in the schema
■ Reducing the redundant information in tuples
■ Reducing the NULL values in tuples
■ Disallowing the possibility of generating spurious tuples
semantics of a relation - CORRECT ANSWER-refers to its meaning
resulting from the interpretation of attribute values in a tuple
update anomalies - CORRECT ANSWER-can be classified into
insertion anomalies, deletion anomalies, and modification anomalies
Insertion Anomalies - CORRECT ANSWER-occur when users attempt
to store an attribute value in the system but they cannot because the
value of another unnecessary but required attribute is not known
,Deletion Anomalies - CORRECT ANSWER-occur when a value for one
attribute that users wish to keep is unexpectedly removed when a
value for another attribute is deleted
Modification Anomalies - CORRECT ANSWER-occur when changes to
multiple instances of an entity (rows of a table) are needed to effect
an update to a single value of an attribute
Spurious tuples - CORRECT ANSWER-Tuples generated by joining
two relations on attributes that are not keys or foreign keys on these
relations.
Waste of storage space - CORRECT ANSWER-due to NULLs and the
difficulty of performing selections, aggregation operations, and joins
due to NULL values
A functional dependency (A->B) - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when
the attribute A uniquely determines B. A = left-hand side, B=right-
hand-side.
-is a property of the semantics or meaning of the attributes.
FD or f.d. - CORRECT ANSWER-abbreviation for functional
dependency
, Candidate Key - CORRECT ANSWER-An attribute, or combination of
attributes, that uniquely identifies a row in a relation.
legal relation states (or legal extensions) of R - CORRECT ANSWER-
Relation extensions r(R) that satisfy the functional dependency
constraints
FD cannot be inferred automatically - CORRECT ANSWER-must be
defined explicitly by someone who knows the semantics of the
attributes of R.
diagrammatic notation - CORRECT ANSWER-isplaying FDs: Each FD
is displayed as a horizontal
Normalization of Data - CORRECT ANSWER-a process of analyzing
the given relation schemas based on their FDs and primary keys to
achieve the desirable properties of (1) minimizing redundancy and (2)
minimizing the insertion, deletion, and update anomalies
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) - CORRECT ANSWER-A special
type of third normal form (3NF) in which every determinant is a
candidate key. A table in BCNF must be in 3NF.
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATES 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 100% WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% PASS
GUARANTEED
logical (or conceptual) level - CORRECT ANSWER-how users interpret
the relation schemas and the meaning of their attributes
implementation (or physical storage) level - CORRECT ANSWER-how
the tuples in a base relation are stored and updated
bottom-up design methodology - CORRECT ANSWER-(also called
design by synthesis) considers the basic relationships among individual
attributes as the starting point and uses those to construct relation
schemas
,top-down design methodology - CORRECT ANSWER-(also called
design by analysis) starts with a number of groupings of attributes into
relations that exist together naturally
measures to determine the quality of relation schema design -
CORRECT ANSWER-■ Making sure that the semantics of the
attributes is clear in the schema
■ Reducing the redundant information in tuples
■ Reducing the NULL values in tuples
■ Disallowing the possibility of generating spurious tuples
semantics of a relation - CORRECT ANSWER-refers to its meaning
resulting from the interpretation of attribute values in a tuple
update anomalies - CORRECT ANSWER-can be classified into
insertion anomalies, deletion anomalies, and modification anomalies
Insertion Anomalies - CORRECT ANSWER-occur when users attempt
to store an attribute value in the system but they cannot because the
value of another unnecessary but required attribute is not known
,Deletion Anomalies - CORRECT ANSWER-occur when a value for one
attribute that users wish to keep is unexpectedly removed when a
value for another attribute is deleted
Modification Anomalies - CORRECT ANSWER-occur when changes to
multiple instances of an entity (rows of a table) are needed to effect
an update to a single value of an attribute
Spurious tuples - CORRECT ANSWER-Tuples generated by joining
two relations on attributes that are not keys or foreign keys on these
relations.
Waste of storage space - CORRECT ANSWER-due to NULLs and the
difficulty of performing selections, aggregation operations, and joins
due to NULL values
A functional dependency (A->B) - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when
the attribute A uniquely determines B. A = left-hand side, B=right-
hand-side.
-is a property of the semantics or meaning of the attributes.
FD or f.d. - CORRECT ANSWER-abbreviation for functional
dependency
, Candidate Key - CORRECT ANSWER-An attribute, or combination of
attributes, that uniquely identifies a row in a relation.
legal relation states (or legal extensions) of R - CORRECT ANSWER-
Relation extensions r(R) that satisfy the functional dependency
constraints
FD cannot be inferred automatically - CORRECT ANSWER-must be
defined explicitly by someone who knows the semantics of the
attributes of R.
diagrammatic notation - CORRECT ANSWER-isplaying FDs: Each FD
is displayed as a horizontal
Normalization of Data - CORRECT ANSWER-a process of analyzing
the given relation schemas based on their FDs and primary keys to
achieve the desirable properties of (1) minimizing redundancy and (2)
minimizing the insertion, deletion, and update anomalies
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) - CORRECT ANSWER-A special
type of third normal form (3NF) in which every determinant is a
candidate key. A table in BCNF must be in 3NF.
