TEST BANK FOR GENETICS: FROM GENES TO GENOMES, 8TH EDITION
BY MICHAEL GOLDBERG QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (100%
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS) DETAILED ANSWER KEY QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALE AGRADE
Attenuation - CORRECT ANSWERS-proposed mechanism of control in some bacterial operons
which results in premature termination of transcription and which is based on the fact that, in bacteria,
transcription and translation proceed simultaneously. In trp operon
Ubiquitin - CORRECT ANSWERS-highly conserved protein whose covalent attachment to other
proteins marks them for degradation by the proteosome (E1s, E2s, E3s)
Drosha - CORRECT ANSWERS-nuclear enzyme component of RNAi machinery present in all
eukaryotic cells. Recognizes and processes stem-loop structures associated with primary miRNA-
containing transcripts. Products are transported into the cytoplasm where they are further processed by
Dicer into mature miRNAs
Minisatellites - CORRECT ANSWERS-Consists of repetitive, generally GC-rich, variant repeats
that range in length from 10 to over 100bp. These variant repeats are tandemly intermingled, which
makes minisatellites ideal for studying DNA turnover mechanisms. Dues to their high level of
polymorphism, minisatellites have been extensively used for DNA fingerprinting as weel as for genetic
markers in linkage analysis and population studies. Have been implicated as regulators of gene
expression ( at levels of transcription, alternative splicing, or imprint control) Multilocus probes.
Microsatellites - CORRECT ANSWERS-known as simple sequence repeats(SSTRs), are repeated
sequences DNA element composed 15-100 tandem repeats of 1, 2, or 3 base pair sequences. are short
segments of DNA that have a repeated sequence such as CACACACA, and they tend to occur in non-
coding DNA.They are molecular markers. Locus-specific primers, codominance(heterozygotes can be
distinguished from homozygotes), highly polymorphic
miRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS-small non-coding RNA molecule whose function via base-pairing
with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules, usually resulting in gene silencing via
translational repression or target degradation
Penetrance - CORRECT ANSWERS-Indicates how many members of a population with a
particular genotype show the expected phenotype
,Expressivity - CORRECT ANSWERS-The degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is
expressed in a phenotype
Histones - CORRECT ANSWERS-Small-binding proteins with a preponderance of the basic,
positively charged amino acids lysine and arginine. Histones are the fundamental protein components of
nucleosomes
H2A, H2B, H3, H4 - CORRECT ANSWERS-Core histones found in the nucleosome
Nucleosome - CORRECT ANSWERS-The basic repeating structural (and functional) unit of
chromatin. Contains nine histone proteins and about 166 base pairs of DNA
H1 - CORRECT ANSWERS-bind to the nucleosome at the entry and exit sites of DNA (locking
the DNA into place)
Hemizygous - CORRECT ANSWERS-males with one copy of an X-linked gene
Holandric - CORRECT ANSWERS-on Y chromosome(Y-linked traits are passed from father to
sone. No interchromosomal genotype.
Monavalent - CORRECT ANSWERS-unpaired chromosome during meiosis
Euchromatin - CORRECT ANSWERS-Region of Lightly pack chromatin.
Chromatin - CORRECT ANSWERS-The generic term for any complex of DNA and protein found
in a cell's nucleus
Heterochromatin - CORRECT ANSWERS-Highly condensed chromosomal regions within which
genes are usually transcriptionally inactive
, Xist gene - CORRECT ANSWERS-"X inactivation specific transcript"; produces a single-stranded
RNA that coats the inactive X chromosome and initiates condensation.X inactivation is an early
developmental process in mammalian females that transcriptionally silences one of the pair of X
chromosomes, thus providing dosage equivalence between males and females. Done by splicing and
polyadenylation.
Nucleotides - CORRECT ANSWERS-Organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or
subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar
(ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.
Nucleoside - CORRECT ANSWERS-Simple base bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar via a
beta-glycosidic linkage. (Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine, Uracil)
telomerase - CORRECT ANSWERS-A ribonucleoprotein involved in replication. A reverse
transcriptase that carries its own RNA molecule which is used as a template when it elongates
telomeres, which are shortened after each replication cycle. Adds DNA sequence repeats to the 3' region
to create telomeres to prevent the loss of DNA
Telomere - CORRECT ANSWERS-A region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a
chromatid , which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with
neighboring chromosomes
Chromatid - CORRECT ANSWERS-One of 2 copies of a chromosome that exist immediately
after DNA replication
Topoisomerase - CORRECT ANSWERS-Enzyme that regulates the overwinding or
underwinding of DNA during replication. It moves ahead of the replication fork, breaking covalent bonds
that connect deoxyribosenucleotides
Helicase - CORRECT ANSWERS-Enzyme that unwinds double stranded DNA to single Strand
DNA for replication. Creates a fork, breaks hydrogen bonds
Auxotroph - CORRECT ANSWERS-A mutant microorganism that can grow on minimal medium
only if it has been supplemented with one or more growth factors not required by wild type strains
BY MICHAEL GOLDBERG QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (100%
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS) DETAILED ANSWER KEY QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALE AGRADE
Attenuation - CORRECT ANSWERS-proposed mechanism of control in some bacterial operons
which results in premature termination of transcription and which is based on the fact that, in bacteria,
transcription and translation proceed simultaneously. In trp operon
Ubiquitin - CORRECT ANSWERS-highly conserved protein whose covalent attachment to other
proteins marks them for degradation by the proteosome (E1s, E2s, E3s)
Drosha - CORRECT ANSWERS-nuclear enzyme component of RNAi machinery present in all
eukaryotic cells. Recognizes and processes stem-loop structures associated with primary miRNA-
containing transcripts. Products are transported into the cytoplasm where they are further processed by
Dicer into mature miRNAs
Minisatellites - CORRECT ANSWERS-Consists of repetitive, generally GC-rich, variant repeats
that range in length from 10 to over 100bp. These variant repeats are tandemly intermingled, which
makes minisatellites ideal for studying DNA turnover mechanisms. Dues to their high level of
polymorphism, minisatellites have been extensively used for DNA fingerprinting as weel as for genetic
markers in linkage analysis and population studies. Have been implicated as regulators of gene
expression ( at levels of transcription, alternative splicing, or imprint control) Multilocus probes.
Microsatellites - CORRECT ANSWERS-known as simple sequence repeats(SSTRs), are repeated
sequences DNA element composed 15-100 tandem repeats of 1, 2, or 3 base pair sequences. are short
segments of DNA that have a repeated sequence such as CACACACA, and they tend to occur in non-
coding DNA.They are molecular markers. Locus-specific primers, codominance(heterozygotes can be
distinguished from homozygotes), highly polymorphic
miRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS-small non-coding RNA molecule whose function via base-pairing
with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules, usually resulting in gene silencing via
translational repression or target degradation
Penetrance - CORRECT ANSWERS-Indicates how many members of a population with a
particular genotype show the expected phenotype
,Expressivity - CORRECT ANSWERS-The degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is
expressed in a phenotype
Histones - CORRECT ANSWERS-Small-binding proteins with a preponderance of the basic,
positively charged amino acids lysine and arginine. Histones are the fundamental protein components of
nucleosomes
H2A, H2B, H3, H4 - CORRECT ANSWERS-Core histones found in the nucleosome
Nucleosome - CORRECT ANSWERS-The basic repeating structural (and functional) unit of
chromatin. Contains nine histone proteins and about 166 base pairs of DNA
H1 - CORRECT ANSWERS-bind to the nucleosome at the entry and exit sites of DNA (locking
the DNA into place)
Hemizygous - CORRECT ANSWERS-males with one copy of an X-linked gene
Holandric - CORRECT ANSWERS-on Y chromosome(Y-linked traits are passed from father to
sone. No interchromosomal genotype.
Monavalent - CORRECT ANSWERS-unpaired chromosome during meiosis
Euchromatin - CORRECT ANSWERS-Region of Lightly pack chromatin.
Chromatin - CORRECT ANSWERS-The generic term for any complex of DNA and protein found
in a cell's nucleus
Heterochromatin - CORRECT ANSWERS-Highly condensed chromosomal regions within which
genes are usually transcriptionally inactive
, Xist gene - CORRECT ANSWERS-"X inactivation specific transcript"; produces a single-stranded
RNA that coats the inactive X chromosome and initiates condensation.X inactivation is an early
developmental process in mammalian females that transcriptionally silences one of the pair of X
chromosomes, thus providing dosage equivalence between males and females. Done by splicing and
polyadenylation.
Nucleotides - CORRECT ANSWERS-Organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or
subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar
(ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.
Nucleoside - CORRECT ANSWERS-Simple base bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar via a
beta-glycosidic linkage. (Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine, Uracil)
telomerase - CORRECT ANSWERS-A ribonucleoprotein involved in replication. A reverse
transcriptase that carries its own RNA molecule which is used as a template when it elongates
telomeres, which are shortened after each replication cycle. Adds DNA sequence repeats to the 3' region
to create telomeres to prevent the loss of DNA
Telomere - CORRECT ANSWERS-A region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a
chromatid , which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with
neighboring chromosomes
Chromatid - CORRECT ANSWERS-One of 2 copies of a chromosome that exist immediately
after DNA replication
Topoisomerase - CORRECT ANSWERS-Enzyme that regulates the overwinding or
underwinding of DNA during replication. It moves ahead of the replication fork, breaking covalent bonds
that connect deoxyribosenucleotides
Helicase - CORRECT ANSWERS-Enzyme that unwinds double stranded DNA to single Strand
DNA for replication. Creates a fork, breaks hydrogen bonds
Auxotroph - CORRECT ANSWERS-A mutant microorganism that can grow on minimal medium
only if it has been supplemented with one or more growth factors not required by wild type strains
