,9i
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
transmission of this page is prohibited 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
CHAPTER 1 9i 9i
9i
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and ment
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
al 9i
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
more than others. 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the brain (th
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
e 9i
biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the perso
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
n 9i
(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
behaviour). 9i
9i
9i
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
theories of human consciousness and reality.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
methods. 9i
• 9i
The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
environment and development of new technology. 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhel
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
m 9i
Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied throug
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
h 9i
small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
,• 9i
Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours, forming
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
a
9i 9i
school of thought known as functionalism.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
parts. 9i
9i
9i
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what w
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
as 9i
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
nursytestbank.store
9i
9i
9i
9i
9i
9i
Psychology: Yesterday and Today 9i 9i 9i 9i
1-2
9i9i9i9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
transmission of this page is prohibited 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
thought. 9i
• 9i
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious ment
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
al 9i
processes. 9i
• 9i
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful stu
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
dy 9i
of observable behaviours.
9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
, Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
psychology. 9i
• 9i
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased dramaticall
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
y 9i
over recent years.
9i 9i 9i
• 9i
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
development of new schools such as positive psychology. 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
nursytestbank.store
1-3 9i 9i 9i
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
transmission of this page is prohibited 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS 9i 9i
9i
9i
1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
Answer: True 9i 9i
9i
Difficulty: Easy 9i 9i
Bloomcode: Knowledge 9i 9i
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
psychologists use. 9i 9i
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences beh
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
aviour. 9i
9i
Answer: True 9i 9i
9i
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
transmission of this page is prohibited 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
CHAPTER 1 9i 9i
9i
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and ment
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
al 9i
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
more than others. 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the brain (th
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
e 9i
biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the perso
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
n 9i
(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
behaviour). 9i
9i
9i
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
theories of human consciousness and reality.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
methods. 9i
• 9i
The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
environment and development of new technology. 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhel
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
m 9i
Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied throug
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
h 9i
small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
,• 9i
Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours, forming
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
a
9i 9i
school of thought known as functionalism.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
parts. 9i
9i
9i
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what w
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
as 9i
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
nursytestbank.store
9i
9i
9i
9i
9i
9i
Psychology: Yesterday and Today 9i 9i 9i 9i
1-2
9i9i9i9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
transmission of this page is prohibited 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
thought. 9i
• 9i
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious ment
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
al 9i
processes. 9i
• 9i
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful stu
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
dy 9i
of observable behaviours.
9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
, Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
psychology. 9i
• 9i
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased dramaticall
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
y 9i
over recent years.
9i 9i 9i
• 9i
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
• 9i
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
development of new schools such as positive psychology. 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
nursytestbank.store
1-3 9i 9i 9i
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
transmission of this page is prohibited 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS 9i 9i
9i
9i
1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
Answer: True 9i 9i
9i
Difficulty: Easy 9i 9i
Bloomcode: Knowledge 9i 9i
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
psychologists use. 9i 9i
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
9i
9i
2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences beh
9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
aviour. 9i
9i
Answer: True 9i 9i
9i
