NUR304 - Adult Health - Exam 2 Study Guide - Nutrition
Dietary fiber, a polysaccharide, is the indigestible "fi brous
Dietary fiber
skeleton" of plant foods. Humans do not have the enzymes to
digest fiber; thus, it provides no usable glucose.
Carbohydrates, which are more easily and quickly digested than
proteins and lipids, fuel strenuous short-term skeleton muscle activity
and provide nearly all the energy for the brain. Humans store
glucose in liver and skeletal muscle tissue as glycogen. Glycogen
is converted back into glucose to meet energy needs. This
Which organ relies almost
process is called glycogenolysis. If carbohydrates are not
exclusively on glucose for energy?
available,
Which do not?
proteins and lipids (fats) can also be used for
energy. If glycogen stores are low (for instance, in a person who is
undernourished), physical activity causes the breakdown of body
stores of protein (gluconeogenesis) and lipids (fats) to use for
en-
ergy. But when proteins are used for energy, they
are not available for their primary functions of tissue growth, maintenance, and
repair.
When amino acids are catabolized, the nitrogen-containing part
is converted to ammonia (NH3) and excreted in the urine as urea.
Therefore, nitrogen balance reflects how well body tissues are
Understand the difference
being maintained. Nitrogen balance occurs when intake and
between positive and negative
output of nitrogen are equal.
nitrogen balance. Give
A positive nitrogen balance exists when nitrogen intake exceeds
examples of different patient
output, making a pool of amino acids available for growth,
populations for each.
pregnancy, and tissue maintenance and repair.
Negative nitrogen balance exists when nitrogen intake is lower
than nitrogen loss. This occurs in illness, injury (e.g., burns), and
malnutrition.
, Fats are converted directly into an alternative fuel called
ketones; ketones raise the acidity of the blood and can lead to
acid-base imbalance. Fats are used for fuel in persons with
Ketones and Insulin
diabetes, whose cells cannot use glucose for energy.
Carbohydrates enhance insulin secretion, increase satiety (feeling
of fullness and satisfaction), and improve absorption of sodium and
excretion of calcium. Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that promotes
the movement of glucose into the cells for use.
■ Carbohydrates are the preferred source of energy.
■ Sugars, starches and cellulose provide 4 cal/g
■ Carbohydrates promote normal fat metabolism
■ Major food sources of carbohydrates include milk, grains, fruits and
vegetables
Food Sources of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Cellulose: Apples, Beans, Bran,
Cabbage Fructose: Fruits, honey
Glucose: Carrots, corn, dates, grapes, oranges
Lactose: milk
Starch: barley, beets, carrots, peas, corn, oats, potatoes and pasta,
rye, wheat Sucrose: apricots, granulated table sugar, honeydew,
cantelope, molasses, peaches, peas, corn, plums
■ Amino acids, which make up proteins, are critical to all
aspects of growth and development of body tissues, and
provide 4 cal/g
■ Proteins build and repair body tissues, regulate fluid balance,
maintain acid-base balance, produce antibodies, provide energy,
and produce enzymes and hormones
■ Essential amino acids are required in the diet
because the body cannot manufacture them.
■ High-quality proteins or complete proteins such as eggs, dairy
Proteins products, meat, fish, and poultry contain adequate amounts of
essential amino acids.
■ Foods that do not contain the essential amino acids in
sufficient amounts are lower quality or incomplete proteins.
■ Inadequate protein can cause protein energy malnutrition
and severe wasting of fat and muscle tissue.
Food sources of
protein bread and
cereal products
dairy products
dried beans
eggs
meats, fish, poultry
Dietary fiber, a polysaccharide, is the indigestible "fi brous
Dietary fiber
skeleton" of plant foods. Humans do not have the enzymes to
digest fiber; thus, it provides no usable glucose.
Carbohydrates, which are more easily and quickly digested than
proteins and lipids, fuel strenuous short-term skeleton muscle activity
and provide nearly all the energy for the brain. Humans store
glucose in liver and skeletal muscle tissue as glycogen. Glycogen
is converted back into glucose to meet energy needs. This
Which organ relies almost
process is called glycogenolysis. If carbohydrates are not
exclusively on glucose for energy?
available,
Which do not?
proteins and lipids (fats) can also be used for
energy. If glycogen stores are low (for instance, in a person who is
undernourished), physical activity causes the breakdown of body
stores of protein (gluconeogenesis) and lipids (fats) to use for
en-
ergy. But when proteins are used for energy, they
are not available for their primary functions of tissue growth, maintenance, and
repair.
When amino acids are catabolized, the nitrogen-containing part
is converted to ammonia (NH3) and excreted in the urine as urea.
Therefore, nitrogen balance reflects how well body tissues are
Understand the difference
being maintained. Nitrogen balance occurs when intake and
between positive and negative
output of nitrogen are equal.
nitrogen balance. Give
A positive nitrogen balance exists when nitrogen intake exceeds
examples of different patient
output, making a pool of amino acids available for growth,
populations for each.
pregnancy, and tissue maintenance and repair.
Negative nitrogen balance exists when nitrogen intake is lower
than nitrogen loss. This occurs in illness, injury (e.g., burns), and
malnutrition.
, Fats are converted directly into an alternative fuel called
ketones; ketones raise the acidity of the blood and can lead to
acid-base imbalance. Fats are used for fuel in persons with
Ketones and Insulin
diabetes, whose cells cannot use glucose for energy.
Carbohydrates enhance insulin secretion, increase satiety (feeling
of fullness and satisfaction), and improve absorption of sodium and
excretion of calcium. Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that promotes
the movement of glucose into the cells for use.
■ Carbohydrates are the preferred source of energy.
■ Sugars, starches and cellulose provide 4 cal/g
■ Carbohydrates promote normal fat metabolism
■ Major food sources of carbohydrates include milk, grains, fruits and
vegetables
Food Sources of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Cellulose: Apples, Beans, Bran,
Cabbage Fructose: Fruits, honey
Glucose: Carrots, corn, dates, grapes, oranges
Lactose: milk
Starch: barley, beets, carrots, peas, corn, oats, potatoes and pasta,
rye, wheat Sucrose: apricots, granulated table sugar, honeydew,
cantelope, molasses, peaches, peas, corn, plums
■ Amino acids, which make up proteins, are critical to all
aspects of growth and development of body tissues, and
provide 4 cal/g
■ Proteins build and repair body tissues, regulate fluid balance,
maintain acid-base balance, produce antibodies, provide energy,
and produce enzymes and hormones
■ Essential amino acids are required in the diet
because the body cannot manufacture them.
■ High-quality proteins or complete proteins such as eggs, dairy
Proteins products, meat, fish, and poultry contain adequate amounts of
essential amino acids.
■ Foods that do not contain the essential amino acids in
sufficient amounts are lower quality or incomplete proteins.
■ Inadequate protein can cause protein energy malnutrition
and severe wasting of fat and muscle tissue.
Food sources of
protein bread and
cereal products
dairy products
dried beans
eggs
meats, fish, poultry
