1
PEDIARIC ARDMS REVIEW EXAM LATEST VERSION -2025/2026-
100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL THE BEST
Congenital benign liver tumor originating along portal triads
Mesenchymal Hamartoma (aka Lymphangioma)
Congenital cystic dilatation of intrahepatic ducts.
Caroli disease
Which biliary tract pathology has an increased risk of Cholangiocarcinoma?
Caroli disease
What is the most common cause of hyperbilirubinemia?
Biliary atresia
What procedure can be done to preserve the liver in cases of biliary atresia?
Kasai procedure
Most common malignant liver tumor in children?
Hepatoblastoma
2nd most common malignant liver tumor in children. Seen w/ hep B and Wilsons
disease.
HCC
Most common benign hepatic tumor of childhood.
Infantile Hemangioendothelioma
Benign liver lesion made up of small blood filled spaces lined w/ endothelial cells
Cavernous Hemangioma
, 2
What is the most common (but rare) neoplasm of the biliary tract in children?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Most common malignant Splenic neoplasm
Lymphoma
What may cause multiple hypoechoic masses in the spleen?
Langerhans cell histocytosis
Solid complex mass in spleen. Rare but mets to liver, bone, lymph nodes.
Angiosarcoma
Autosomal recessive disorder that presents w/ Hepatosplenomegaly and bone
infarctions.
Gaucher storage disease
When is Pyloric Stenosis most common?
2-6 weeks (boys)
Common cause of delayed emptying of stomach, antral narrowing & causes
vomiting
Pylorospasm (aka Antral Dyskinesia)
Most common malignant neoplasm of GI tract in children.
Lymphoma
Most common cause of congenital duodenal obstruction in newborns.
Duodenal atresia
Midgut malrotation
SMV positioned left of SMA
Most common acute abdominal disorder in early childhood?
Intussusception
, 3
Most common inflammatory disease of small bowel.
Crohn disease
Most common small bowel malignancy in childhood.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Most common surgical emergency in children.
appendicitis
(more common in girls)
Most common cause of urethral obstruction in boys.
Posterior urethral valves
Absent or small abdominal wall musculature. Multiple urinary tract anomalies
seen. Exclusively males.
Prune Belly Syndrome
(Eagle Barrett Syndrome)
Most common renal malignancy in children.
Wilms tumor
(Nephroblastoma)
What is the aggressive malignant renal tumor that occurs in patients w/ sickle cell
disease?
Renal Medullary Carcinoma
Most common benign renal tumor in children.
Mesoblastic Nephroma
(Renal Hamartoma,
Mesenchymal Hamartoma)
Most common extracranial tumor in children.
, 4
Neuroblastoma
Benign Adrenal tumor made of ganglion cells.
Ganglioneuroma
Overproduction of cortisol in the adrenal cortex
Cushing Syndrome
Overproduction of mineralcorticoid aldosterone
Conn Syndrome
(Primary Aldosteronism)
Autosomal Recessive error of metabolizing fat. Leads to accumulation of
cholesterol and triglycerides in tissues of body.
Wolman Disease
Autosomal dominant disease where multiple organs present w/ cysts.
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Infantile type of pancreatic carcinoma. May be seen w/ Beckwith-Wiedemann
Syndrome.
Pancreaticoblastoma
Most common islet cell tumor
Insulinoma
2nd most common islet cell tumor
Gastrinoma
Malignant ovarian tumor. Usually larger than 10cm.
Germ cell tumor
Name the 2 Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
1. Granulosa cell
PEDIARIC ARDMS REVIEW EXAM LATEST VERSION -2025/2026-
100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL THE BEST
Congenital benign liver tumor originating along portal triads
Mesenchymal Hamartoma (aka Lymphangioma)
Congenital cystic dilatation of intrahepatic ducts.
Caroli disease
Which biliary tract pathology has an increased risk of Cholangiocarcinoma?
Caroli disease
What is the most common cause of hyperbilirubinemia?
Biliary atresia
What procedure can be done to preserve the liver in cases of biliary atresia?
Kasai procedure
Most common malignant liver tumor in children?
Hepatoblastoma
2nd most common malignant liver tumor in children. Seen w/ hep B and Wilsons
disease.
HCC
Most common benign hepatic tumor of childhood.
Infantile Hemangioendothelioma
Benign liver lesion made up of small blood filled spaces lined w/ endothelial cells
Cavernous Hemangioma
, 2
What is the most common (but rare) neoplasm of the biliary tract in children?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Most common malignant Splenic neoplasm
Lymphoma
What may cause multiple hypoechoic masses in the spleen?
Langerhans cell histocytosis
Solid complex mass in spleen. Rare but mets to liver, bone, lymph nodes.
Angiosarcoma
Autosomal recessive disorder that presents w/ Hepatosplenomegaly and bone
infarctions.
Gaucher storage disease
When is Pyloric Stenosis most common?
2-6 weeks (boys)
Common cause of delayed emptying of stomach, antral narrowing & causes
vomiting
Pylorospasm (aka Antral Dyskinesia)
Most common malignant neoplasm of GI tract in children.
Lymphoma
Most common cause of congenital duodenal obstruction in newborns.
Duodenal atresia
Midgut malrotation
SMV positioned left of SMA
Most common acute abdominal disorder in early childhood?
Intussusception
, 3
Most common inflammatory disease of small bowel.
Crohn disease
Most common small bowel malignancy in childhood.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Most common surgical emergency in children.
appendicitis
(more common in girls)
Most common cause of urethral obstruction in boys.
Posterior urethral valves
Absent or small abdominal wall musculature. Multiple urinary tract anomalies
seen. Exclusively males.
Prune Belly Syndrome
(Eagle Barrett Syndrome)
Most common renal malignancy in children.
Wilms tumor
(Nephroblastoma)
What is the aggressive malignant renal tumor that occurs in patients w/ sickle cell
disease?
Renal Medullary Carcinoma
Most common benign renal tumor in children.
Mesoblastic Nephroma
(Renal Hamartoma,
Mesenchymal Hamartoma)
Most common extracranial tumor in children.
, 4
Neuroblastoma
Benign Adrenal tumor made of ganglion cells.
Ganglioneuroma
Overproduction of cortisol in the adrenal cortex
Cushing Syndrome
Overproduction of mineralcorticoid aldosterone
Conn Syndrome
(Primary Aldosteronism)
Autosomal Recessive error of metabolizing fat. Leads to accumulation of
cholesterol and triglycerides in tissues of body.
Wolman Disease
Autosomal dominant disease where multiple organs present w/ cysts.
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Infantile type of pancreatic carcinoma. May be seen w/ Beckwith-Wiedemann
Syndrome.
Pancreaticoblastoma
Most common islet cell tumor
Insulinoma
2nd most common islet cell tumor
Gastrinoma
Malignant ovarian tumor. Usually larger than 10cm.
Germ cell tumor
Name the 2 Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
1. Granulosa cell
