Biotechnology, as studied in Class 12, is the branch of biology that uses living organisms, cells, and biological systems to develop products and technologies for human welfare. The chapter mainly focuses on principles and processes such as recombinant DNA technology, genetic engineering, and bioprocessing. It explains how genes are manipulated and transferred between organisms to produce useful products like insulin, vaccines, and genetically modified crops. Key techniques include isolation of DNA, cutting and joining DNA using enzymes, introducing it into host cells, and obtaining desirable clones. The chapter also highlights applications of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and industry—such as developing pest-resistant plants, producing biofertilizers, and creating life-saving drugs—while emphasizing ethical issues and biosafety concerns.
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