ANZCA Fellowship Viva questions with precise detailed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answers
Statistics: Blinding - correct answer✔✔Concealment of group allocation from one or more
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
subjects involved in a clinical research study
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Patient
-Investigator
-Analyser
Statistics: Allocation concealment - correct answer✔✔Concealment of the randomisation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
process from one or more subjects involved in a clinical study
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Guidelines PS28: Infection control - correct answer✔✔A) Definitions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Asepsis
||\\//||
-Prevention of microbial contamination of living tissues or sterile materials
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Decontamination
||\\//||
-Removal of micro-organisms and unwanted matter from contaminated materials or living
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tissues
-Must proceed disinfection or sterilisation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. Disinfection
||\\//||
-Inactivation of non-sporing organisms using thermal or chemical means ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-High grade disinfecting agent: Phthalaldehyde
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4. Sterilisation
||\\//||
-Complete destruction of all micro-organisms including spores||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
5. Universal precautions
||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Infection control techniques to minimise the transmission of blood-borne infections
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,-->Universal application of standard precautions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-->Regardless of infection status of patient or staff ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
B) Equipment classification
||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Critical: Penetrate skin/mucous membranes and/or enter vascular system/sterile space;
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
require sterilisation ||\\//||
2. Semi-critical: Contact mucous membranes or non intact skins and/or readily contaminated
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
by transmissible organisms; require high level disinfection or sterilisation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. Non-critical: Contact skin and/or doesn't contact patient directly; low level disinfection
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
C) Infection prevention
||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Staff
||\\//||
-Hand hygiene ||\\//||
-Attire
-Personal protective equipment ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-->Glove, gown, mask, eye wear and shoes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Immunisations
-Education and compliance ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Environment
||\\//||
-Flow of air and people
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Sharps handling protection ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. Patient
||\\//||
-Antibiotic prophylaxis ||\\//||
-Waste handling and disposal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4. Equipment
||\\//||
-Disposable
-->Drug vials and syringes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Resuable
-->Disinfection or sterilisation ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,-Decontamination of contact surfaces ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Breathing systems bacterial filters ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Sampling line viral filters ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Statistics: Data, types - correct answer✔✔1. Qualitative/categorical
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Nominal: exclusively mutual categories (e.g male/female)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Ordinal: non mutually exclusive categories (mild/moderate pain)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Quantitative/numerical
||\\//||
-Integer/discrete: restricted to specific defined values ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Interval/continuous: unrestricted in a potential range ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Statistics: Scales, types - correct answer✔✔1. Non-parametric
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Nominal scale: identity (example gender)||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Ordinal scale: identity and magnitude (example rankings)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Parametric
||\\//||
-Interval scale: identity, magnitude and equal intervals (example degrees celcius)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Ratio scale: identity, magnitude, equal intervals and minimum value of zero (example
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
degrees kelvin) ||\\//||
Statistics: Statistical tests, types - correct answer✔✔1. Scales determine statistical tests
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Nominal/ordinal: non-parametric ||\\//||
-Interval/ratio: parametric ||\\//||
2. Parametric tests: assumes population follows a normal distribution
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Normal distribution ||\\//||
-Students t-test ||\\//||
-Analysis of variance (ANOVA) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, -Pearson correlation coefficient ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Regression/multiple regression ||\\//||
3. Non-parametric test: makes no assumptions about distribution of population
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Mann-Whitney U test ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Wilcoxon sum test/signed-rank test ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Kruskal-Wallis test ||\\//||
-Friedman's test ||\\//||
-Spearman's rank order ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Statistics: Central tendency, measures - correct answer✔✔1. Describing a population by a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
single number ||\\//||
-Mean: average value ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Mode: most common value ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Median: central value ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-SD
-IQR
2. Parametric data
||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Mean: central tendency ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-SD: variability ||\\//||
3. Non-parametric data
||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Median: central tendency ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-IQR: variability ||\\//||
Statistics: Dispersion, measures - correct answer✔✔1. Describing dispersion of data around a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
mean
||\\//||
-Range
-Interquartile range ||\\//||
answers
Statistics: Blinding - correct answer✔✔Concealment of group allocation from one or more
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
subjects involved in a clinical research study
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Patient
-Investigator
-Analyser
Statistics: Allocation concealment - correct answer✔✔Concealment of the randomisation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
process from one or more subjects involved in a clinical study
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Guidelines PS28: Infection control - correct answer✔✔A) Definitions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Asepsis
||\\//||
-Prevention of microbial contamination of living tissues or sterile materials
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Decontamination
||\\//||
-Removal of micro-organisms and unwanted matter from contaminated materials or living
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tissues
-Must proceed disinfection or sterilisation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. Disinfection
||\\//||
-Inactivation of non-sporing organisms using thermal or chemical means ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-High grade disinfecting agent: Phthalaldehyde
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4. Sterilisation
||\\//||
-Complete destruction of all micro-organisms including spores||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
5. Universal precautions
||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Infection control techniques to minimise the transmission of blood-borne infections
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,-->Universal application of standard precautions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-->Regardless of infection status of patient or staff ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
B) Equipment classification
||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Critical: Penetrate skin/mucous membranes and/or enter vascular system/sterile space;
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
require sterilisation ||\\//||
2. Semi-critical: Contact mucous membranes or non intact skins and/or readily contaminated
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
by transmissible organisms; require high level disinfection or sterilisation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. Non-critical: Contact skin and/or doesn't contact patient directly; low level disinfection
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
C) Infection prevention
||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Staff
||\\//||
-Hand hygiene ||\\//||
-Attire
-Personal protective equipment ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-->Glove, gown, mask, eye wear and shoes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Immunisations
-Education and compliance ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Environment
||\\//||
-Flow of air and people
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Sharps handling protection ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. Patient
||\\//||
-Antibiotic prophylaxis ||\\//||
-Waste handling and disposal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4. Equipment
||\\//||
-Disposable
-->Drug vials and syringes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Resuable
-->Disinfection or sterilisation ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,-Decontamination of contact surfaces ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Breathing systems bacterial filters ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Sampling line viral filters ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Statistics: Data, types - correct answer✔✔1. Qualitative/categorical
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Nominal: exclusively mutual categories (e.g male/female)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Ordinal: non mutually exclusive categories (mild/moderate pain)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Quantitative/numerical
||\\//||
-Integer/discrete: restricted to specific defined values ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Interval/continuous: unrestricted in a potential range ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Statistics: Scales, types - correct answer✔✔1. Non-parametric
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Nominal scale: identity (example gender)||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Ordinal scale: identity and magnitude (example rankings)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Parametric
||\\//||
-Interval scale: identity, magnitude and equal intervals (example degrees celcius)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Ratio scale: identity, magnitude, equal intervals and minimum value of zero (example
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
degrees kelvin) ||\\//||
Statistics: Statistical tests, types - correct answer✔✔1. Scales determine statistical tests
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Nominal/ordinal: non-parametric ||\\//||
-Interval/ratio: parametric ||\\//||
2. Parametric tests: assumes population follows a normal distribution
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Normal distribution ||\\//||
-Students t-test ||\\//||
-Analysis of variance (ANOVA) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, -Pearson correlation coefficient ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Regression/multiple regression ||\\//||
3. Non-parametric test: makes no assumptions about distribution of population
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Mann-Whitney U test ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Wilcoxon sum test/signed-rank test ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Kruskal-Wallis test ||\\//||
-Friedman's test ||\\//||
-Spearman's rank order ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Statistics: Central tendency, measures - correct answer✔✔1. Describing a population by a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
single number ||\\//||
-Mean: average value ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Mode: most common value ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Median: central value ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-SD
-IQR
2. Parametric data
||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Mean: central tendency ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-SD: variability ||\\//||
3. Non-parametric data
||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Median: central tendency ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-IQR: variability ||\\//||
Statistics: Dispersion, measures - correct answer✔✔1. Describing dispersion of data around a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
mean
||\\//||
-Range
-Interquartile range ||\\//||
