JUVENILE JUSTICE - FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
STIGMA (Difference Between Adult Offenders and Juvenile Offenders) - ANSWER--
arrested vs. taken into custody
- trial vs. adjudication
- sentencing vs. disposition
- incarcerated vs. secure residential placement
Age of Onset - ANSWER-what age did they start to commit crime
Persistence - ANSWER-how long did they continue to commit crime
Desistence - ANSWER-when did they stop committing crime
Aging Out - ANSWER-no more crime
At Risk Youth - ANSWER-young people who are extremely vulnerable and prone to
the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality
Teen Risk Taking - ANSWER-study that measured risky driving habits, sexual
behaviors and unintended preganancies; results showed decline in some behaviors
and increase in drug experimentation; other studies have shown that teens are too
immature for danger and that many crave emotionally edgy, exciting, dangerous and
potentially life threatening activities
Factors that Lead to Deliquency - ANSWER-1) Family Problems
2) Poverty
3) Substandard Living Conditions
4) Health and Mortality Problems
5) Inadequate Education
6) Media
Family Problems - ANSWER-disoultion becoming a common practice, dysfucntion,
foster care, deviant family members, abusive relationships
Poverty - ANSWER-poor, low income families, U.S. has the highest child poverty
rate, minority children > white and non-hispanic, studies link poverty to chronic child
health problems, undiagnosed behavior impairments, and school failure, children
living in persistent poverty don't feel safe
Substandard Living Conditions - ANSWER-physically inadequate housing, crowded
multi-family housing, rent/housing cost > 30% of household income; results in
disorganized neighborhood, deviant peers, and long-term psychological health
effects
,Health and Mortality Problems - ANSWER-less access to health insurance results in
higher child mortality; early promiscuity leading to STD's/STI's
Inadequate Education - ANSWER-70% of fourth graders cannot read at grade level;
likely to hit minority kids the hardest
Media - ANSWER-cyberbullying/stalking, sexting, music with degrading and violent
lyrics, violent movies
Ego Identity - ANSWER-according to Erik Erikson, this is formed when persons
develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for
Role Diffusion - ANSWER-according to Erik Erikson, this occurs when youths spread
themselves too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the
mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop
for themselves
Puritan Era - ANSWER-boys sent to monastery or cathedral school, served as
squires to experienced knights
miniature adults (age 7 - infancy to adulthood)
worked and punished as adults
impersonal family relationship
married for necessity
children often viewed as a burden
swaddling - unsterile conditions, illness and death
little family bonding - defense mechanism due to short life spans of children
Enlightenment - ANSWER-Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke
custom and practice in the middle ages; children expected to take on adult roles
English Poor Laws - ANSWER-enlgish statutes (1535) that allowed for the
appointment of overseers to place destitute or neglected children as servants in the
homes of the affluent
Apprenticeship Movement - ANSWER-children were placed in the care of adults who
trained them in specific skills
voluntary apprentices were bound out by parents or guardians in exchange for a fee
legal authority transferred to master
system helped parents avoid the costs and responsibilities of childrearing
involuntary apprentices were compelled by the legal authorities to serve a master
until they were 21 or older
master-apprentice relationship was similar to the parent -child relationship in that the
master had complete authority over the apprentice
, Chancery Courts - ANSWER-court proceedings created in 15th century England to
oversee the lives of highborn minors who were orphaned or otherwise could not care
for themselves
established to protect inheritance, property rights, and seek equitable solutions to
disputes and conflicts
children with law violations, regular criminal court systems
Parens Patriae - ANSWER-the power of the state to act on behalf of the child and
provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent
"king as father of country"
children recruited from orphanages, asylums, prisons, work houses
laws put in place for criminal youth and runaway children
treated no differently than adults
moral discipline rigidly enforced
Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law - ANSWER-laws required children to obey their
parents
threat of death/maiming
attended public hangings and whippings
Controlling Children - ANSWER-rule of thumb for wives
parents and school masters would cut a switch
industrial revolution
urbanization and immigration
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children - ANSWER-in 1817 a group of
prominent new Yorkers formed this organization as an aid to placement decisions for
the children's aid society
Childsavers - ANSWER-19th century reformers who developed programs for
troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system; today
some critics view them as being more concerned with control of the poor than with
their welfare
used parens patriae as main mantra
believed in the best interest of the child, reform schools, and reeducation centers
House of Refuge - ANSWER-a care facility developed by the child savers to protect
potential criminal youths by taking them off the street and providing a family like
environment
Orphan Trains - ANSWER-a practice of the children's aid society in which urban
youths were sent west for adoption with local farm couples
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
STIGMA (Difference Between Adult Offenders and Juvenile Offenders) - ANSWER--
arrested vs. taken into custody
- trial vs. adjudication
- sentencing vs. disposition
- incarcerated vs. secure residential placement
Age of Onset - ANSWER-what age did they start to commit crime
Persistence - ANSWER-how long did they continue to commit crime
Desistence - ANSWER-when did they stop committing crime
Aging Out - ANSWER-no more crime
At Risk Youth - ANSWER-young people who are extremely vulnerable and prone to
the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality
Teen Risk Taking - ANSWER-study that measured risky driving habits, sexual
behaviors and unintended preganancies; results showed decline in some behaviors
and increase in drug experimentation; other studies have shown that teens are too
immature for danger and that many crave emotionally edgy, exciting, dangerous and
potentially life threatening activities
Factors that Lead to Deliquency - ANSWER-1) Family Problems
2) Poverty
3) Substandard Living Conditions
4) Health and Mortality Problems
5) Inadequate Education
6) Media
Family Problems - ANSWER-disoultion becoming a common practice, dysfucntion,
foster care, deviant family members, abusive relationships
Poverty - ANSWER-poor, low income families, U.S. has the highest child poverty
rate, minority children > white and non-hispanic, studies link poverty to chronic child
health problems, undiagnosed behavior impairments, and school failure, children
living in persistent poverty don't feel safe
Substandard Living Conditions - ANSWER-physically inadequate housing, crowded
multi-family housing, rent/housing cost > 30% of household income; results in
disorganized neighborhood, deviant peers, and long-term psychological health
effects
,Health and Mortality Problems - ANSWER-less access to health insurance results in
higher child mortality; early promiscuity leading to STD's/STI's
Inadequate Education - ANSWER-70% of fourth graders cannot read at grade level;
likely to hit minority kids the hardest
Media - ANSWER-cyberbullying/stalking, sexting, music with degrading and violent
lyrics, violent movies
Ego Identity - ANSWER-according to Erik Erikson, this is formed when persons
develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for
Role Diffusion - ANSWER-according to Erik Erikson, this occurs when youths spread
themselves too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the
mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop
for themselves
Puritan Era - ANSWER-boys sent to monastery or cathedral school, served as
squires to experienced knights
miniature adults (age 7 - infancy to adulthood)
worked and punished as adults
impersonal family relationship
married for necessity
children often viewed as a burden
swaddling - unsterile conditions, illness and death
little family bonding - defense mechanism due to short life spans of children
Enlightenment - ANSWER-Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke
custom and practice in the middle ages; children expected to take on adult roles
English Poor Laws - ANSWER-enlgish statutes (1535) that allowed for the
appointment of overseers to place destitute or neglected children as servants in the
homes of the affluent
Apprenticeship Movement - ANSWER-children were placed in the care of adults who
trained them in specific skills
voluntary apprentices were bound out by parents or guardians in exchange for a fee
legal authority transferred to master
system helped parents avoid the costs and responsibilities of childrearing
involuntary apprentices were compelled by the legal authorities to serve a master
until they were 21 or older
master-apprentice relationship was similar to the parent -child relationship in that the
master had complete authority over the apprentice
, Chancery Courts - ANSWER-court proceedings created in 15th century England to
oversee the lives of highborn minors who were orphaned or otherwise could not care
for themselves
established to protect inheritance, property rights, and seek equitable solutions to
disputes and conflicts
children with law violations, regular criminal court systems
Parens Patriae - ANSWER-the power of the state to act on behalf of the child and
provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent
"king as father of country"
children recruited from orphanages, asylums, prisons, work houses
laws put in place for criminal youth and runaway children
treated no differently than adults
moral discipline rigidly enforced
Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law - ANSWER-laws required children to obey their
parents
threat of death/maiming
attended public hangings and whippings
Controlling Children - ANSWER-rule of thumb for wives
parents and school masters would cut a switch
industrial revolution
urbanization and immigration
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children - ANSWER-in 1817 a group of
prominent new Yorkers formed this organization as an aid to placement decisions for
the children's aid society
Childsavers - ANSWER-19th century reformers who developed programs for
troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system; today
some critics view them as being more concerned with control of the poor than with
their welfare
used parens patriae as main mantra
believed in the best interest of the child, reform schools, and reeducation centers
House of Refuge - ANSWER-a care facility developed by the child savers to protect
potential criminal youths by taking them off the street and providing a family like
environment
Orphan Trains - ANSWER-a practice of the children's aid society in which urban
youths were sent west for adoption with local farm couples
