BCHM 4611 FINAL EXAM NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST 2025
Classify animals, plants, protists, fungi, archaea, and bacteria as prokaryotes or eukaryotes -
CORRECT ANSWER-prokaryotes: archaea, bacteria
eukaryotes: animals, fungi, plants, protists
what are the distinguishing features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? -CORRECT ANSWER-
prokaryotes are unicellular organism without a nucleus and usually contain no internal
membrane systems
eukaryotes are usually larger than prokaryotic cells and contain a nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles that have specialized functions; can be unicellular or
multicellular
what are the domains of life that include unicellular or multicellular organisms? -CORRECT
ANSWER-three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, eukarya
bacteria and archaea are unicellular; eukarya can be uni- or multi-cellular
What are the classes of biological monomer? -CORRECT ANSWER-amino acids
monosaccharides
,nucleotides
lipids
Amino acid characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-contain amino group (NH2) and carboxylic
acid group (COOH) --> under physiological conditions these are ionized to NH3+ and COO-;
also contain a side chain/R group
Monosaccharides characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-~1:1 ratio of C:O
Nucleotides characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-has 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing
ring, and one or more phosphate groups
lipids characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-poorly soluble in water because their structure is
HC like
What are the classes of biological polymers? -CORRECT ANSWER-proteins/polypeptides
nucleic acids
polysaccharides
proteins characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-polymers of AA linked together by peptide bond
(amide bonds); made via condensation reaction
20 different AA serve as building blocks for proteins
all proteins have unique 3D shapes --> most structurally variable and most functionally
versatile of all biopolymers
,nucleic acid characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-polymers of nucleotides (DNA or RNA)
each nucleic acid made from 4 different nucleotides (A, G, C, T[U])
phosphate and sugar groups of nucleotides become linked by phosphodiester bonds
polysaccharides characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-usually contain only one or a few
different types of monosaccharide residues (homogenous polymers)
glucose residues linked together via glycosidic bonds
polypeptide -CORRECT ANSWER-a polymer consisting of AA residues linked in linear fashion
by peptide bonds
protein -CORRECT ANSWER-macromolecule that consists of one or more polypeptide chains
residue -CORRECT ANSWER-a term for a monomeric unit after it has been incorporated into
a polymer
major/minor roles of proteins -CORRECT ANSWER-major: carry out metabolic reactions,
support cellular structures
minor: store energy
major/minor roles of nucleic acids -CORRECT ANSWER-major: encode info
minor: carry out metabolic reactions, support cellular structures
, major/minor roles polysaccharides -CORRECT ANSWER-major: store energy, support cellular
structures
minor: encode info
open systems -CORRECT ANSWER-can exchange matter and energy
isolated systems -CORRECT ANSWER-can't exchange matter or energy
closed systems -CORRECT ANSWER-can only exchange energy but not matter
gibbs free energy -CORRECT ANSWER-the available energy of a substance that can be used in
a chemical reaction
enthalpy -CORRECT ANSWER-equivalent to heat content of system (H)
entropy -CORRECT ANSWER-measure of how energy is dispersed within that system
(measure of system's disorder or randomness) (S)
Endergonic -CORRECT ANSWER-change in free energy is >0; reaction is non spontaneous
exergonic -CORRECT ANSWER-change in free energy is <0; reaction is spontaneous
endothermic -CORRECT ANSWER-reaction that absorbs heat from surroundings so that its
change in enthalpy is >0
exothermic -CORRECT ANSWER-reaction that releases heat to surroundings so that its
change in enthalpy is <0
DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST 2025
Classify animals, plants, protists, fungi, archaea, and bacteria as prokaryotes or eukaryotes -
CORRECT ANSWER-prokaryotes: archaea, bacteria
eukaryotes: animals, fungi, plants, protists
what are the distinguishing features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? -CORRECT ANSWER-
prokaryotes are unicellular organism without a nucleus and usually contain no internal
membrane systems
eukaryotes are usually larger than prokaryotic cells and contain a nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles that have specialized functions; can be unicellular or
multicellular
what are the domains of life that include unicellular or multicellular organisms? -CORRECT
ANSWER-three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, eukarya
bacteria and archaea are unicellular; eukarya can be uni- or multi-cellular
What are the classes of biological monomer? -CORRECT ANSWER-amino acids
monosaccharides
,nucleotides
lipids
Amino acid characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-contain amino group (NH2) and carboxylic
acid group (COOH) --> under physiological conditions these are ionized to NH3+ and COO-;
also contain a side chain/R group
Monosaccharides characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-~1:1 ratio of C:O
Nucleotides characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-has 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing
ring, and one or more phosphate groups
lipids characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-poorly soluble in water because their structure is
HC like
What are the classes of biological polymers? -CORRECT ANSWER-proteins/polypeptides
nucleic acids
polysaccharides
proteins characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-polymers of AA linked together by peptide bond
(amide bonds); made via condensation reaction
20 different AA serve as building blocks for proteins
all proteins have unique 3D shapes --> most structurally variable and most functionally
versatile of all biopolymers
,nucleic acid characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-polymers of nucleotides (DNA or RNA)
each nucleic acid made from 4 different nucleotides (A, G, C, T[U])
phosphate and sugar groups of nucleotides become linked by phosphodiester bonds
polysaccharides characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER-usually contain only one or a few
different types of monosaccharide residues (homogenous polymers)
glucose residues linked together via glycosidic bonds
polypeptide -CORRECT ANSWER-a polymer consisting of AA residues linked in linear fashion
by peptide bonds
protein -CORRECT ANSWER-macromolecule that consists of one or more polypeptide chains
residue -CORRECT ANSWER-a term for a monomeric unit after it has been incorporated into
a polymer
major/minor roles of proteins -CORRECT ANSWER-major: carry out metabolic reactions,
support cellular structures
minor: store energy
major/minor roles of nucleic acids -CORRECT ANSWER-major: encode info
minor: carry out metabolic reactions, support cellular structures
, major/minor roles polysaccharides -CORRECT ANSWER-major: store energy, support cellular
structures
minor: encode info
open systems -CORRECT ANSWER-can exchange matter and energy
isolated systems -CORRECT ANSWER-can't exchange matter or energy
closed systems -CORRECT ANSWER-can only exchange energy but not matter
gibbs free energy -CORRECT ANSWER-the available energy of a substance that can be used in
a chemical reaction
enthalpy -CORRECT ANSWER-equivalent to heat content of system (H)
entropy -CORRECT ANSWER-measure of how energy is dispersed within that system
(measure of system's disorder or randomness) (S)
Endergonic -CORRECT ANSWER-change in free energy is >0; reaction is non spontaneous
exergonic -CORRECT ANSWER-change in free energy is <0; reaction is spontaneous
endothermic -CORRECT ANSWER-reaction that absorbs heat from surroundings so that its
change in enthalpy is >0
exothermic -CORRECT ANSWER-reaction that releases heat to surroundings so that its
change in enthalpy is <0
