MSN FNP 570 MIDTERM TEST STUDY GUIDE
2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. Inadequate blood supply to an organ, especially the heart muscles, leading to
tissue damage - ANSWER ✓ Ischemia
2. Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that provides energy for cellular
processes - ANSWER ✓ ATP
3. Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt and essential for various
physiological functions - ANSWER ✓ NaCl
4. Highly reactive molecules that can cause cellular damage and contribute to
the development of diseases - ANSWER ✓ Free radicals
5. A range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including
hypertension and ischemic heart disease - ANSWER ✓ Cardiovascular
disease
6. A genetic mutation that alters the amino acid sequence in a protein,
potentially affecting its function - ANSWER ✓ Missense mutation
7. The natural process of shrinking or wasting away of a body part or tissue,
such as the thymus gland changes during childhood - ANSWER ✓
Physiologic atrophy
8. Cellular organelles that generate energy and play a crucial role in
metabolism - ANSWER ✓ Mitochondria
,9. Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule carrying genetic instructions for
growth, development, and reproduction - ANSWER ✓ DNA
10.A chronic condition resulting from the pancreas producing little or no
insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels - ANSWER ✓ Type one diabetes
mellitus
11.Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis - ANSWER ✓
Ribosomes
12.The process by which cells generate new proteins, essential for various
cellular functions - ANSWER ✓ Protein synthesis
13.A non-invasive growth that does not spread to other parts of the body -
ANSWER ✓ Benign
14.Disorders caused by missing, extra, or irregular portions of chromosomal
DNA, leading to genetic disorders - ANSWER ✓ Chromosomal
abnormalities
15.A cell signaling protein involved in inflammation and immune system
functions - ANSWER ✓ Tumor necrosis factor alpha
16.respiratory zone - ANSWER ✓ respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveoli
17.What does the Respiratory Zone do? - ANSWER ✓ Allow inhaled oxygen to
diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for CO2
18.Conducting Zone - ANSWER ✓ nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles
19.What does conducting zone do? - ANSWER ✓ conducts air to respiratory
zone, humidifies, warms, and filters air
20.Most common cancer mutation? - ANSWER ✓ Acquired
,21.What does anticholinergic mean? - ANSWER ✓ blockade of muscarinic
receptors - This inhibits nerve impulses responsible for involuntary muscle
movements and various bodily functions
22.What does dopamine do? - ANSWER ✓ influences movement, learning,
attention, and emotion. Dopamine enables neurons in your brain to
communicate and control movement.
23.What does messenger RNA do? - ANSWER ✓ Transcribes information
from the DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the cytoplasm, and then to the
ribosome. Single-stranded, intermediate molecule. Carries the instructions
for making proteins.
24.What do ribosomes do? - ANSWER ✓ Make proteins (protein synthesis)
25.Neurotransmitters - ANSWER ✓ chemical messengers that cross the
synaptic gaps between neurons
26.Neurotransmitters at the parasympathetic postganglionic synapses -
ANSWER ✓ Acetylcholine and nitric oxide
27.Atropine Neurotransmitters - ANSWER ✓ Atropine is a muscarinic receptor
antagonist that is used to inhibit the effects of excessive vagal activation on
the heart, which is manifested as sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block.
Therefore, atropine can temporarily revert sinus bradycardia to normal sinus
rhythm and reverse AV nodal blocks by removing vagal influences.
28.alpha adreneric receptors - ANSWER ✓
29.Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers - ANSWER ✓ -Blocks NE/Epi effects on
heart - less Ca++ entry
-Decreases force of cardiac contractions
30.What do anticholinergics do? - ANSWER ✓ Decrease the activity of
acetylcholine (neurotransmitter that regulates movement)
31.Define stroke - ANSWER ✓ interruption of cerebral blood supply cause by
hemorrhage or occlusion
, 32.Types of stroke - ANSWER ✓ ischemic and hemorrhagic
33.ischemic stroke - ANSWER ✓ interruption of brain blood flow caused by
thrombus, embolus or plaque; most common type
34.hemorrhagic stroke - ANSWER ✓ occurs when a blood vessel in the brain
leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed; most deadly type
35.Lacunar stroke - ANSWER ✓ a stroke resulting from occlusion of small
vessels.
36.intracerebral hemorrhage - ANSWER ✓ bleeding into the brain as a result of
a ruptured blood vessel within the brain
37.subarachnoid hematoma - ANSWER ✓ usually the result of a cerebral
aneurysm; main symptom severe headache.
38.Stroke symptoms - ANSWER ✓ Sudden weakness or numbness of the face,
arm or leg, especially on one side of the body
•Sudden dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, or trouble walking
•Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
•Sudden trouble seeing •Sudden severe headache
39.early stroke warning signs - ANSWER ✓ disorientation and mild weakness
40.Modifiable risk factors for stroke - ANSWER ✓ smoking cessation,
increasing dietary fruits and vegetables, exercising regularly, limit alcohol ,a
dn avoid illicit drugs
41.stroke symptoms for cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia - ANSWER ✓
Headache, ataxia, aphasia, hemiparesis, hemisensory deficits, and vision
field deficit.
42.stoke symptoms for vertebral Avery posterior cerebral artery, cerebellar -
ANSWER ✓ ALOC, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, ataxia, cranial nerve
paralysis
2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. Inadequate blood supply to an organ, especially the heart muscles, leading to
tissue damage - ANSWER ✓ Ischemia
2. Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that provides energy for cellular
processes - ANSWER ✓ ATP
3. Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt and essential for various
physiological functions - ANSWER ✓ NaCl
4. Highly reactive molecules that can cause cellular damage and contribute to
the development of diseases - ANSWER ✓ Free radicals
5. A range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including
hypertension and ischemic heart disease - ANSWER ✓ Cardiovascular
disease
6. A genetic mutation that alters the amino acid sequence in a protein,
potentially affecting its function - ANSWER ✓ Missense mutation
7. The natural process of shrinking or wasting away of a body part or tissue,
such as the thymus gland changes during childhood - ANSWER ✓
Physiologic atrophy
8. Cellular organelles that generate energy and play a crucial role in
metabolism - ANSWER ✓ Mitochondria
,9. Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule carrying genetic instructions for
growth, development, and reproduction - ANSWER ✓ DNA
10.A chronic condition resulting from the pancreas producing little or no
insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels - ANSWER ✓ Type one diabetes
mellitus
11.Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis - ANSWER ✓
Ribosomes
12.The process by which cells generate new proteins, essential for various
cellular functions - ANSWER ✓ Protein synthesis
13.A non-invasive growth that does not spread to other parts of the body -
ANSWER ✓ Benign
14.Disorders caused by missing, extra, or irregular portions of chromosomal
DNA, leading to genetic disorders - ANSWER ✓ Chromosomal
abnormalities
15.A cell signaling protein involved in inflammation and immune system
functions - ANSWER ✓ Tumor necrosis factor alpha
16.respiratory zone - ANSWER ✓ respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveoli
17.What does the Respiratory Zone do? - ANSWER ✓ Allow inhaled oxygen to
diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for CO2
18.Conducting Zone - ANSWER ✓ nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles
19.What does conducting zone do? - ANSWER ✓ conducts air to respiratory
zone, humidifies, warms, and filters air
20.Most common cancer mutation? - ANSWER ✓ Acquired
,21.What does anticholinergic mean? - ANSWER ✓ blockade of muscarinic
receptors - This inhibits nerve impulses responsible for involuntary muscle
movements and various bodily functions
22.What does dopamine do? - ANSWER ✓ influences movement, learning,
attention, and emotion. Dopamine enables neurons in your brain to
communicate and control movement.
23.What does messenger RNA do? - ANSWER ✓ Transcribes information
from the DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the cytoplasm, and then to the
ribosome. Single-stranded, intermediate molecule. Carries the instructions
for making proteins.
24.What do ribosomes do? - ANSWER ✓ Make proteins (protein synthesis)
25.Neurotransmitters - ANSWER ✓ chemical messengers that cross the
synaptic gaps between neurons
26.Neurotransmitters at the parasympathetic postganglionic synapses -
ANSWER ✓ Acetylcholine and nitric oxide
27.Atropine Neurotransmitters - ANSWER ✓ Atropine is a muscarinic receptor
antagonist that is used to inhibit the effects of excessive vagal activation on
the heart, which is manifested as sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block.
Therefore, atropine can temporarily revert sinus bradycardia to normal sinus
rhythm and reverse AV nodal blocks by removing vagal influences.
28.alpha adreneric receptors - ANSWER ✓
29.Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers - ANSWER ✓ -Blocks NE/Epi effects on
heart - less Ca++ entry
-Decreases force of cardiac contractions
30.What do anticholinergics do? - ANSWER ✓ Decrease the activity of
acetylcholine (neurotransmitter that regulates movement)
31.Define stroke - ANSWER ✓ interruption of cerebral blood supply cause by
hemorrhage or occlusion
, 32.Types of stroke - ANSWER ✓ ischemic and hemorrhagic
33.ischemic stroke - ANSWER ✓ interruption of brain blood flow caused by
thrombus, embolus or plaque; most common type
34.hemorrhagic stroke - ANSWER ✓ occurs when a blood vessel in the brain
leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed; most deadly type
35.Lacunar stroke - ANSWER ✓ a stroke resulting from occlusion of small
vessels.
36.intracerebral hemorrhage - ANSWER ✓ bleeding into the brain as a result of
a ruptured blood vessel within the brain
37.subarachnoid hematoma - ANSWER ✓ usually the result of a cerebral
aneurysm; main symptom severe headache.
38.Stroke symptoms - ANSWER ✓ Sudden weakness or numbness of the face,
arm or leg, especially on one side of the body
•Sudden dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, or trouble walking
•Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
•Sudden trouble seeing •Sudden severe headache
39.early stroke warning signs - ANSWER ✓ disorientation and mild weakness
40.Modifiable risk factors for stroke - ANSWER ✓ smoking cessation,
increasing dietary fruits and vegetables, exercising regularly, limit alcohol ,a
dn avoid illicit drugs
41.stroke symptoms for cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia - ANSWER ✓
Headache, ataxia, aphasia, hemiparesis, hemisensory deficits, and vision
field deficit.
42.stoke symptoms for vertebral Avery posterior cerebral artery, cerebellar -
ANSWER ✓ ALOC, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, ataxia, cranial nerve
paralysis
