NR565- Pharmacology Exam 2026
Questions and Answers
Research of drug potential, animal testing, preparation for human testing - Correct
answer-preclinical research
Initial clinical safety studies in humans. May be as few as 10 subjects, often
healthy volunteers - Correct answer-Phase I
The study drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people (100-300) to see if
it is effective and to further evaluate its safety - Correct answer-Phase II
The study drug or treatment is given to large groups of people (1,000-3,000) to
confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used
treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used
safely. - Correct answer-Phase III
A study conducted after a drug has been shown to work and has been granted a
license. (post-marketing surveillance study) - Correct answer-Phase IV
There are two basic types of drug responses - Correct answer-Quantal and Graded
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,____________ responses are biological effects that can be measured continually up
to the maximum responding capacity of the biological system. Most Common drug
response. Example: Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Diuresis, Bronchodilation, Pain -
Correct answer-Graded Response
_______________ responses are those that may not occur. If we designate a
response as either occurring or absent. Example: Convulsions, Pregnancy, Rash,
Sleep, Death - Correct answer-Quantal Response
The large molecules, usually proteins, that interact with and mediate the action of
drugs. - Correct answer-Receptors
A drug that binds to and activates a receptor. Can be full, partial or inverse. A full
agonist has high efficacy, producing a full response, while occupying a relatively
low proportion of receptors. A partial agonist has lower efficacy than a full agonist.
It produces sub-maximal activation even when occupying the total receptor
population, therefore cannot produce the maximal response, irrespective of the
concentration applied. An Inverse agonist produces an effect opposite to that of an
agonist, yet it binds to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist. - Correct
answer-Agonist
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, Are drugs that occupy receptors without stimulating them. Occupy a receptor site
and prevent other molecules, such as agonists, from occupying the same site and
producing a response. - Correct answer-Antagonist
The branch of pharmacology dealing with the absorption, distribution through the
body, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. - Correct answer-Pharmacokinetics
The process of drugs moving throughout the body - Correct answer-Distribution
The process whereby a substance entering the body is assimilated by it. - Correct
answer-Absorption
Is the process of changing one chemical into another, and the process usually either
creates or uses energy. - Correct answer-Metabolism
Metabolism by the liver following oral administration of a drug. Inactivates drug
so less reaches the systemic circulation. Reduces the drug before reaching the
blood stream, reducing its availability. - Correct answer-First-Pass Metabolism
Also known as non synthetic reactions involves oxidation, reduction, and
hydrolysis reactions, which prepare the drug molecule for further metabolism. This
phase introduces polar groups that improve water solubility and prepare drug
molecules for further metabolic reactions. - Correct answer-Phase I Metabolism
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Questions and Answers
Research of drug potential, animal testing, preparation for human testing - Correct
answer-preclinical research
Initial clinical safety studies in humans. May be as few as 10 subjects, often
healthy volunteers - Correct answer-Phase I
The study drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people (100-300) to see if
it is effective and to further evaluate its safety - Correct answer-Phase II
The study drug or treatment is given to large groups of people (1,000-3,000) to
confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used
treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used
safely. - Correct answer-Phase III
A study conducted after a drug has been shown to work and has been granted a
license. (post-marketing surveillance study) - Correct answer-Phase IV
There are two basic types of drug responses - Correct answer-Quantal and Graded
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,____________ responses are biological effects that can be measured continually up
to the maximum responding capacity of the biological system. Most Common drug
response. Example: Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Diuresis, Bronchodilation, Pain -
Correct answer-Graded Response
_______________ responses are those that may not occur. If we designate a
response as either occurring or absent. Example: Convulsions, Pregnancy, Rash,
Sleep, Death - Correct answer-Quantal Response
The large molecules, usually proteins, that interact with and mediate the action of
drugs. - Correct answer-Receptors
A drug that binds to and activates a receptor. Can be full, partial or inverse. A full
agonist has high efficacy, producing a full response, while occupying a relatively
low proportion of receptors. A partial agonist has lower efficacy than a full agonist.
It produces sub-maximal activation even when occupying the total receptor
population, therefore cannot produce the maximal response, irrespective of the
concentration applied. An Inverse agonist produces an effect opposite to that of an
agonist, yet it binds to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist. - Correct
answer-Agonist
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, Are drugs that occupy receptors without stimulating them. Occupy a receptor site
and prevent other molecules, such as agonists, from occupying the same site and
producing a response. - Correct answer-Antagonist
The branch of pharmacology dealing with the absorption, distribution through the
body, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. - Correct answer-Pharmacokinetics
The process of drugs moving throughout the body - Correct answer-Distribution
The process whereby a substance entering the body is assimilated by it. - Correct
answer-Absorption
Is the process of changing one chemical into another, and the process usually either
creates or uses energy. - Correct answer-Metabolism
Metabolism by the liver following oral administration of a drug. Inactivates drug
so less reaches the systemic circulation. Reduces the drug before reaching the
blood stream, reducing its availability. - Correct answer-First-Pass Metabolism
Also known as non synthetic reactions involves oxidation, reduction, and
hydrolysis reactions, which prepare the drug molecule for further metabolism. This
phase introduces polar groups that improve water solubility and prepare drug
molecules for further metabolic reactions. - Correct answer-Phase I Metabolism
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