Topics of Learning Objectives Completed for Musculoskeletal Structure and Function (OTHY102)

OTHY102
Musculoskeletal
Structure and Function




Topic Learning Objectives

Semester 2


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, TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTORY ANATOMY & OSTEOLOGY

1.1 Define the standard anatomical position
The standard anatomical position is the position to which all terminology is
spoken in reference to. This position involves standing straight with head erect
and eyes facing forward, feet are positioned together with toes facing forward
and arms are by the side with palms facing the front.




1.2 Describe the following terms of position and direction which are related to
the standard anatomical position:
Planes of the Body
• Sagittal plane – divides the body into left
and right
o Midsagittal (median) = divides into
left and right exactly down the
midline, even
o Parasagittal = divides into left and
right but is slightly to the left or right
side of the midline, uneven
• Coronal (frontal) plane – divides into front (anterior) and back (posterior),
sliding from front to back
• Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides into top and bottom
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,Planes of Motion

• Sagittal plane – midline, vertical plane splitting into left and right halves
o Forward or backward movement that move along the sagittal plane
o Flexion or extension
o i.e. forward lunge or bicep curl
• Coronal (frontal) plane – frontal, vertical plane splitting anterior (front)
into posterior (back) halves
o Lateral or side to side movements that move parallel to the coronal
plane as they move towards or away from the midline
o Adduction and abduction, elevation and depression of the scapula
o i.e. jumping jacks or lateral torso flexion
• Transverse (horizontal) plane – horizontal plane splitting top into bottom
o Rotational/rotation of a joint
o Rotation, supination and pronation
o i.e. external and internal rotation of the humerus or torso rotation

Directional Terms
• Anterior and posterior
o Anterior (ventral): the front of the body
o Posterior (dorsal): the back of the body
• Superior and inferior
o Superior (cephalic): towards the head/top
o Inferior (caudal): towards the tail (coccyx)/bottom
• Medial and lateral
o Medial: closer to the midline of the body
o Lateral: away from the midline of the body
• Proximal and distal
o Proximal: closer to the trunk
o Distal: away from the trunk
• Superficial and deep
o Superficial: closer to the skins surface
o Deep: away from the skins surface
• Ipsilateral and contralateral
o Ipsilateral = on the same side
o Contralateral = on the opposite side



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,1.3 List the major bones comprising the two divisions of the skeleton: the
appendicular and axial divisions


Axial Skeleton – trunk and central portion of skeleton
o Bones of the vertebral column, thorax, pelvis, and skull
o Major bones: skull (cranium), hyoid bone (in neck), vertebral column
(cervical vertebra C1- C7, thoracic vertebrae T1 – T12, lumbar
vertebrae L1 – L5, sacrum S1-S5 and coccyx), sternum and rib cage
(12 pairs of ribs)

Appendicular Skeleton – bones of the limbs and limb girdles
o Major bones:
o Upper limbs = clavicle and scapula (shoulder); humerus (arm);
radius and ulna (forearm), carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
(hand)


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, o Lower limbs = ilium, ischium and pubis (pelvis); femur (thigh);
patella, fibula and tibia (leg); tarsals, metatarsals and
phalanges (foot)
o Girdles:
o Pelvic girdle - innominate or pelvic bones
o Shoulder girdle - clavicle and scapula




1.4 List four functions of the skeleton

1. Protection – from external forces by providing a bony cage to organs i.e.
bones of skull protect brain and to allow the body to withstand tensile and
compressive forces
2. Structure and support – for body and vital cavities, without which we would
be a blob of soft tissue and water
3. Locomotion and movement – bones act as levers for movement (especially
long bones) as muscles are attached to them which allow movement
4. Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals such as calcium, potassium, and
phosphates
5. Haemopoiesis (production of red and white blood cells) – occurs within the
marrow cavities of bone diaphysis




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, Protection Support


Structure Protection




Blood Production

Movement

Mineral Storage




1.5 Classify bones according to shape and give an example of each type

Bone Shape Description Examples
Long Longer than they are wide, shaft has Clavicle, humerus, ulna,
expanded ends where they meet radius, femur, tibia, fibula,
other bones. Support body weight and metacarpals, metatarsals,
facilitate movement. Mostly made of phalanges
compact (hard) tissue
Short Short, small, thick bones that are Carpals (scaphoid, lunate,
often cuboid in shape with no shaft to triquetral, hamate, pisiform,
provide stability and movement. Only capitate, trapezoid and
found in hands and feet trapezium) and tarsals
(calcaneus, talus, navicular,
cuboid; lateral, intermediate
and medial cuneiform)
Flat Thin, flattened and usually curved Skull, sternum, scapula,
bones that form the boundaries of ribs, pelvis
cavities or protect internal organs.
They have large SA for muscle
attachment
Irregular Irregular or mixed shape bones that Vertebrae, facial bones,
do not fit in other classification hyoid
categories due to their complex shape
which helps protect internal organs
Sesamoid Small, round bones found in tendons Patella, pisiform (in
of the hand, knee, and feet. They carpals), 2x under big toe
function to protect tendons from stress

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