Oceans 100 sdsu Exam Questions and Answers
protons - -+1
-neutrons - -0
-ion - -atom that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
-molecule - -atoms held together by bonds
-water molecule (H20) - -big atom=oxygen (negatively charged), small atoms=hydrogen
(positively charged)
-covalent bond - -sharing electrons between O and H (with the molecule)
-hydrogen bonds - -intermolecular bonds- bind water molecules together
-cohesion - -water molecules bead up, stick together
-surface tension - -water acts like a surface (bugs can walk on it, leaves float on top)
-polarity - -h2O-polar molecule (electromagnet)
H end: partial + charge, attracts negative end
O end: partial - charge, attracts positive end
--thus dissolves substances
universal solvent (except plastic)
EX: water dissolves salt by bonding positive and negative charges and breaking it apart;
salt would precipitate at the bottom if water evaporates
-water cycle - -1) evaporation
2) transpiration
3) sublimination
4) condensation
5) transportation
6) precipitation
7) deposition
8) a. percolation
b. infiltration
9) a. groundwater flow
b. surface flow
c. snowmelt runoff
10) plant uptake
-evaporation - -is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state
due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure.
,-transpiration - -is the process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give
off water vapor through pores in their leaves
-sublimination - -is a chemical process where a solid turns into a gas without going
through a liquid stage. An example of sublimiation is when ice cubes shrink in the freezer.
-condensation - -is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid
water. Condensation is crucial to the water cycle because it is responsible for the formation
of clouds
-transportation - -transport is the movement of water through the atmosphere,
specifically from over the oceans to over land. Some of the earth's moisture transport is
visible as clouds, which themselves consist of ice crystals and/or tiny water droplets.
-precipitation - -water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow,
or hail. It is the primary connection in the water cycle that provides for the delivery of
atmospheric water to the Earth. Most precipitation falls as rain
-deposition - -water changing from vapor to solid, with no liquid phase, The reverse of
deposition is sublimation. One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-
freezing air, water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid
-percolation - -moves downward through openings in the soil to replenish aquifers under
the ground.
-infiltration - -important process where rain water soaks into the ground, through the soil
and underlying rock layers.
-groundwater flow - -Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface
infiltrates into the subsurface. The part that continues downward through the soil until it
reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge
-surface flow - -when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the
surface forming streams and rivers.
-snowmelt runoff - -runoff produced by melting snow
-plant uptake - -how much water the plant absorbs and uses.
-phases of water - -A. Solid/ice: molecules locked in place
B. Liquid/water: most molecules connected
C. Gas/vapor: independent molecules
D. Phase Changes
i: removal of heat
ii: addition of heat
, iii: latent heat
-What must you do to water in order to make it change phases?
Add heat
Remove heat
Do both
Neither - -Add heat
Remove heat
Answer: Do both!!!!
Neither
-Heat capacity - -Amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1gm of a substance by
1℃
-water has very high heat capacity
-Oceans absorb/release huge amounts of heat with little change in temperature
-Thermal inertia (H bonds)
-Oceans → climates?
-Oceans moderate the climate
-Takes months to heat ocean enough for hurricanes
-How does salinity (how salty the oceans are) and temperature affect density? - -Density
(D) = mass/volume
Pure water D = 1 g/cm3
Temp decreases → density increases
Salinity increases → density increases because more mass
Cold water freezes & leaves salt behind → salinity increases
Cold, salty water is denser, therefore, by gravity, It sinks
-Where do cold, salty waters sink? - -middle of oceans
Mid-latitude
Answer: High latitudes!!!!!!
Low latitudes
-downwelling - -downward movement of fluid, esp in the sea
-why is ice less dense? - -molecules are farther apart
-Water density changes with temp - -As it cools, gets denser
Max density → at 4℃ (g/cm3)
Then, decrease in density with freezing
So, ice floats
-Salinity - -total amount of dissolved solids (ions) in water
35‰ - average salinity of seawater (parts per thousand)
-Most to least abundant ions (in order) - -Chloride
protons - -+1
-neutrons - -0
-ion - -atom that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
-molecule - -atoms held together by bonds
-water molecule (H20) - -big atom=oxygen (negatively charged), small atoms=hydrogen
(positively charged)
-covalent bond - -sharing electrons between O and H (with the molecule)
-hydrogen bonds - -intermolecular bonds- bind water molecules together
-cohesion - -water molecules bead up, stick together
-surface tension - -water acts like a surface (bugs can walk on it, leaves float on top)
-polarity - -h2O-polar molecule (electromagnet)
H end: partial + charge, attracts negative end
O end: partial - charge, attracts positive end
--thus dissolves substances
universal solvent (except plastic)
EX: water dissolves salt by bonding positive and negative charges and breaking it apart;
salt would precipitate at the bottom if water evaporates
-water cycle - -1) evaporation
2) transpiration
3) sublimination
4) condensation
5) transportation
6) precipitation
7) deposition
8) a. percolation
b. infiltration
9) a. groundwater flow
b. surface flow
c. snowmelt runoff
10) plant uptake
-evaporation - -is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state
due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure.
,-transpiration - -is the process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give
off water vapor through pores in their leaves
-sublimination - -is a chemical process where a solid turns into a gas without going
through a liquid stage. An example of sublimiation is when ice cubes shrink in the freezer.
-condensation - -is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid
water. Condensation is crucial to the water cycle because it is responsible for the formation
of clouds
-transportation - -transport is the movement of water through the atmosphere,
specifically from over the oceans to over land. Some of the earth's moisture transport is
visible as clouds, which themselves consist of ice crystals and/or tiny water droplets.
-precipitation - -water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow,
or hail. It is the primary connection in the water cycle that provides for the delivery of
atmospheric water to the Earth. Most precipitation falls as rain
-deposition - -water changing from vapor to solid, with no liquid phase, The reverse of
deposition is sublimation. One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-
freezing air, water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid
-percolation - -moves downward through openings in the soil to replenish aquifers under
the ground.
-infiltration - -important process where rain water soaks into the ground, through the soil
and underlying rock layers.
-groundwater flow - -Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface
infiltrates into the subsurface. The part that continues downward through the soil until it
reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge
-surface flow - -when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the
surface forming streams and rivers.
-snowmelt runoff - -runoff produced by melting snow
-plant uptake - -how much water the plant absorbs and uses.
-phases of water - -A. Solid/ice: molecules locked in place
B. Liquid/water: most molecules connected
C. Gas/vapor: independent molecules
D. Phase Changes
i: removal of heat
ii: addition of heat
, iii: latent heat
-What must you do to water in order to make it change phases?
Add heat
Remove heat
Do both
Neither - -Add heat
Remove heat
Answer: Do both!!!!
Neither
-Heat capacity - -Amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1gm of a substance by
1℃
-water has very high heat capacity
-Oceans absorb/release huge amounts of heat with little change in temperature
-Thermal inertia (H bonds)
-Oceans → climates?
-Oceans moderate the climate
-Takes months to heat ocean enough for hurricanes
-How does salinity (how salty the oceans are) and temperature affect density? - -Density
(D) = mass/volume
Pure water D = 1 g/cm3
Temp decreases → density increases
Salinity increases → density increases because more mass
Cold water freezes & leaves salt behind → salinity increases
Cold, salty water is denser, therefore, by gravity, It sinks
-Where do cold, salty waters sink? - -middle of oceans
Mid-latitude
Answer: High latitudes!!!!!!
Low latitudes
-downwelling - -downward movement of fluid, esp in the sea
-why is ice less dense? - -molecules are farther apart
-Water density changes with temp - -As it cools, gets denser
Max density → at 4℃ (g/cm3)
Then, decrease in density with freezing
So, ice floats
-Salinity - -total amount of dissolved solids (ions) in water
35‰ - average salinity of seawater (parts per thousand)
-Most to least abundant ions (in order) - -Chloride
