KNH 184 Exam 3 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
degrees of freedom - Answers how many different ways you can move
who created the degrees of freedom - Answers nicolai bernstein
haptic information - Answers information about touch
proprioceptive information - Answers information about muscle length
where is feedback from somatosensory receptors - Answers in joints and muscles
executive in open loop control - Answers sends movement instructions to effector
effector in open loop control - Answers executes movement instructions
what produces our movement - Answers muscle contractions
open loop feedback - Answers none, therefore there is no way to correct errors and best used in
stable environments
open loop instructions - Answers instructions sent in advance, preprogrammed and without
interruption
motor programs as open-loop systems - Answers kicking, typing, hitting a pitched baseball
research supporting motor programs - Answers reaction time in humans, effect of removal of
feedback in humans and animals, blocking of a limb when primed for movement, strategies
used by humans to stop a movement underway, studies of movements which arise after the
startle response
Which of the following would best be considered an invariant feature of a generalized motor
program (GMP)?
movement time
relative timing
movement amplitude
effector (limb) used - Answers relative timing
In the stereo system analogy of the generalized motor program (GMP), which human
component would correspond best to the speakers - Answers muscles
The study by Slater-Hammel (1960) where participants were unable to stop movement once it
had been initiated, suggested that one limitation of closed-loop systems is that they - Answers
,can't explain performance of skills that are very brief in duration
The storage problem is a question for motor program theories of how do we - Answers store
motor programs for all the skills and variations of skills that we perform
The features of the generalized motor program (GMP) that learners can modify are the -
Answers parameters
Which of the following would be most likely to be considered a parameter of the generalized
motor program (GMP)?
relative timing
sequence of movements
movement time
relative force - Answers movement time
In which stage is the motor program prepared for execution? - Answers movement
programming
____________ studies demonstrate that sensory information from a limb is not necessary for
movement production? - Answers Deafferentation
What is the mechanism called that is similar to the motor program and is said to control certain
types of movements like human locomotion (walking), chewing, and even breathing? - Answers
central pattern generator
The effectors of motor programs are ________. - Answers muscles
Which is not a feature of motor learning? - Answers learning is directly observable
Which measure of learning involves identical testing situations as during the practice phase? -
Answers retention test
When learning skill A enhances the learning of skill B, what kind of transfer is said to have taken
place from skill A to skill B? - Answers positive transfer
When graphing performance curves, what is measured on the vertical axis (Y-axis)? - Answers
performance
Learning refers to - Answers an internal process indicted by a change in the capability to
perform a skill due to practice or experience.
Which of the following describes a performance characteristic of skill learning where the skill
, can be modified to match the situation? - Answers Adaptability
As a characteristic of motor skill learning, what does stability refer to? - Answers Performance
of a skill is less influenced by internal or external disruptions in a performance situation as it is
learned
Which approach to measuring performance would an instructor use to determine the
performance characteristic of adaptability? - Answers Transfer test
A performance curve showing performance improving proportionally over time, so that every
practice trial or session results in the same improvement in performance, is a - Answers linear
performance curve
The most commonly seen performance curve is a - Answers negatively accelerating
performance curve
True or False. The more conditions in practice are the same as the conditions in a game, the
more you might predict better performance in the game. - Answers true
Which is not a component of a transfer design? - Answers feedback
Which of the following is NOT a common change that occurs during skill acquisition? - Answers
More attention is focused on movement production
Within Fitts and Posner's cognitive stage of learning the key aim is to: - Answers understand the
skill
Performance changes tend to be largest in which stage of learning? - Answers Cognitive
With respect to models of learning: - Answers the rate of progress through the stages can vary
significantly among learners
some learners will not progress through all stages
learners can be at different stages for different skills
transitions between stages are considered to be a continuum rather than abrupt
The second stage of Fitts and Posner's three stage model of learning is the: - Answers
associative stage
RT evidence of Motor Programs - Answers Hicks Law- slower RT when additional information
needs to be processed
S-R incompatibility
These examples are seen during stimulus identification and response selection
degrees of freedom - Answers how many different ways you can move
who created the degrees of freedom - Answers nicolai bernstein
haptic information - Answers information about touch
proprioceptive information - Answers information about muscle length
where is feedback from somatosensory receptors - Answers in joints and muscles
executive in open loop control - Answers sends movement instructions to effector
effector in open loop control - Answers executes movement instructions
what produces our movement - Answers muscle contractions
open loop feedback - Answers none, therefore there is no way to correct errors and best used in
stable environments
open loop instructions - Answers instructions sent in advance, preprogrammed and without
interruption
motor programs as open-loop systems - Answers kicking, typing, hitting a pitched baseball
research supporting motor programs - Answers reaction time in humans, effect of removal of
feedback in humans and animals, blocking of a limb when primed for movement, strategies
used by humans to stop a movement underway, studies of movements which arise after the
startle response
Which of the following would best be considered an invariant feature of a generalized motor
program (GMP)?
movement time
relative timing
movement amplitude
effector (limb) used - Answers relative timing
In the stereo system analogy of the generalized motor program (GMP), which human
component would correspond best to the speakers - Answers muscles
The study by Slater-Hammel (1960) where participants were unable to stop movement once it
had been initiated, suggested that one limitation of closed-loop systems is that they - Answers
,can't explain performance of skills that are very brief in duration
The storage problem is a question for motor program theories of how do we - Answers store
motor programs for all the skills and variations of skills that we perform
The features of the generalized motor program (GMP) that learners can modify are the -
Answers parameters
Which of the following would be most likely to be considered a parameter of the generalized
motor program (GMP)?
relative timing
sequence of movements
movement time
relative force - Answers movement time
In which stage is the motor program prepared for execution? - Answers movement
programming
____________ studies demonstrate that sensory information from a limb is not necessary for
movement production? - Answers Deafferentation
What is the mechanism called that is similar to the motor program and is said to control certain
types of movements like human locomotion (walking), chewing, and even breathing? - Answers
central pattern generator
The effectors of motor programs are ________. - Answers muscles
Which is not a feature of motor learning? - Answers learning is directly observable
Which measure of learning involves identical testing situations as during the practice phase? -
Answers retention test
When learning skill A enhances the learning of skill B, what kind of transfer is said to have taken
place from skill A to skill B? - Answers positive transfer
When graphing performance curves, what is measured on the vertical axis (Y-axis)? - Answers
performance
Learning refers to - Answers an internal process indicted by a change in the capability to
perform a skill due to practice or experience.
Which of the following describes a performance characteristic of skill learning where the skill
, can be modified to match the situation? - Answers Adaptability
As a characteristic of motor skill learning, what does stability refer to? - Answers Performance
of a skill is less influenced by internal or external disruptions in a performance situation as it is
learned
Which approach to measuring performance would an instructor use to determine the
performance characteristic of adaptability? - Answers Transfer test
A performance curve showing performance improving proportionally over time, so that every
practice trial or session results in the same improvement in performance, is a - Answers linear
performance curve
The most commonly seen performance curve is a - Answers negatively accelerating
performance curve
True or False. The more conditions in practice are the same as the conditions in a game, the
more you might predict better performance in the game. - Answers true
Which is not a component of a transfer design? - Answers feedback
Which of the following is NOT a common change that occurs during skill acquisition? - Answers
More attention is focused on movement production
Within Fitts and Posner's cognitive stage of learning the key aim is to: - Answers understand the
skill
Performance changes tend to be largest in which stage of learning? - Answers Cognitive
With respect to models of learning: - Answers the rate of progress through the stages can vary
significantly among learners
some learners will not progress through all stages
learners can be at different stages for different skills
transitions between stages are considered to be a continuum rather than abrupt
The second stage of Fitts and Posner's three stage model of learning is the: - Answers
associative stage
RT evidence of Motor Programs - Answers Hicks Law- slower RT when additional information
needs to be processed
S-R incompatibility
These examples are seen during stimulus identification and response selection
