Practice Exam – Cultural Psychology
Tilburg University – Year 2, Block 1
All Majors
Contains 50 multiple-choice exam questions at real exam level,
covering the most challenging topics that appear in every
exam!
,Hc 1: What is Culture?
1. According to Markus and Kitayama's (1991) framework, which
of the following statements best captures the distinction between
independent and interdependent self-construals?
A. In independent self-construals, individuals define themselves
primarily through social roles and relationships, whereas in
interdependent self-construals, individuals focus on their uniqueness
and personal attributes.
B. In independent self-construals, the self is seen as separate from
others, emphasizing personal traits, while in interdependent self-
construals, the self overlaps with others and is defined by social
connections.
C. Independent self-construals emphasize collective norms and
relationships, whereas interdependent self-construals prioritize
personal achievement and individual identity.
D. Independent self-construals focus on group membership as central
to self-definition, while interdependent self-construals emphasize
autonomy and personal differentiation from others.
2. Which of the following statements correctly differentiates
between absolutism, relativism, and universalism in cultural
psychology?
A. Absolutism posits that psychological processes are entirely culturally
dependent; relativism claims they are the same for everyone;
universalism asserts that processes are innate and unchanging.
B. Absolutism holds that psychological processes are expressed
differently but originate from the same underlying mechanisms;
relativism claims all processes are identical across cultures;
universalism states that processes are completely shaped by
culture.
C. Absolutism maintains that psychological processes are learned
through culture; relativism argues that biology fully determines
processes; universalism claims that some processes are learned
while others are innate.
D. Absolutism asserts that all psychological processes are the same
across cultures; relativism argues that some processes vary
depending on culture; universalism suggests that underlying
processes are the same, but their expressions may differ.
, 3. A psychologist observes that all humans can recognize basic
emotions like happiness and fear, but the way people express
gratitude differs across cultures. Which of the following correctly
classifies these observations in terms of etics and emics?
A. Recognizing basic emotions is an emic phenomenon; expressing
gratitude differently across cultures is an etic phenomenon.
B. Both recognizing basic emotions and expressing gratitude differently
are etic phenomena because they involve psychological processes.
C. Recognizing basic emotions is an etic phenomenon; expressing
gratitude differently across cultures is an emic phenomenon.
D. Both recognizing basic emotions and expressing gratitude differently
are emic phenomena because they vary by culture.
Hc 2: Methods and Bias
4. What is the primary goal of a cross-cultural validation study in
cultural psychology?
A. To compare psychological constructs between participants from two
or more cultures.
B. To examine the validity and reliability of a measure originally
developed in one culture across other cultures.
C. To conduct an in-depth analysis of a single culture for unique
insights.
D. To explore contextual factors that might explain cultural differences
in behavior.
5. In the context of cross-cultural comparison studies, what does
a structure-oriented study primarily focus on?
A. Examining relationships between constructs or measures across
cultures to see if their structure is consistent.
B. Comparing average scores on a psychological construct between
cultures.
C. Testing whether contextual factors fully account for observed
cultural differences.
D. Analyzing only ecological-level (country-level) data rather than
individual-level data.
Tilburg University – Year 2, Block 1
All Majors
Contains 50 multiple-choice exam questions at real exam level,
covering the most challenging topics that appear in every
exam!
,Hc 1: What is Culture?
1. According to Markus and Kitayama's (1991) framework, which
of the following statements best captures the distinction between
independent and interdependent self-construals?
A. In independent self-construals, individuals define themselves
primarily through social roles and relationships, whereas in
interdependent self-construals, individuals focus on their uniqueness
and personal attributes.
B. In independent self-construals, the self is seen as separate from
others, emphasizing personal traits, while in interdependent self-
construals, the self overlaps with others and is defined by social
connections.
C. Independent self-construals emphasize collective norms and
relationships, whereas interdependent self-construals prioritize
personal achievement and individual identity.
D. Independent self-construals focus on group membership as central
to self-definition, while interdependent self-construals emphasize
autonomy and personal differentiation from others.
2. Which of the following statements correctly differentiates
between absolutism, relativism, and universalism in cultural
psychology?
A. Absolutism posits that psychological processes are entirely culturally
dependent; relativism claims they are the same for everyone;
universalism asserts that processes are innate and unchanging.
B. Absolutism holds that psychological processes are expressed
differently but originate from the same underlying mechanisms;
relativism claims all processes are identical across cultures;
universalism states that processes are completely shaped by
culture.
C. Absolutism maintains that psychological processes are learned
through culture; relativism argues that biology fully determines
processes; universalism claims that some processes are learned
while others are innate.
D. Absolutism asserts that all psychological processes are the same
across cultures; relativism argues that some processes vary
depending on culture; universalism suggests that underlying
processes are the same, but their expressions may differ.
, 3. A psychologist observes that all humans can recognize basic
emotions like happiness and fear, but the way people express
gratitude differs across cultures. Which of the following correctly
classifies these observations in terms of etics and emics?
A. Recognizing basic emotions is an emic phenomenon; expressing
gratitude differently across cultures is an etic phenomenon.
B. Both recognizing basic emotions and expressing gratitude differently
are etic phenomena because they involve psychological processes.
C. Recognizing basic emotions is an etic phenomenon; expressing
gratitude differently across cultures is an emic phenomenon.
D. Both recognizing basic emotions and expressing gratitude differently
are emic phenomena because they vary by culture.
Hc 2: Methods and Bias
4. What is the primary goal of a cross-cultural validation study in
cultural psychology?
A. To compare psychological constructs between participants from two
or more cultures.
B. To examine the validity and reliability of a measure originally
developed in one culture across other cultures.
C. To conduct an in-depth analysis of a single culture for unique
insights.
D. To explore contextual factors that might explain cultural differences
in behavior.
5. In the context of cross-cultural comparison studies, what does
a structure-oriented study primarily focus on?
A. Examining relationships between constructs or measures across
cultures to see if their structure is consistent.
B. Comparing average scores on a psychological construct between
cultures.
C. Testing whether contextual factors fully account for observed
cultural differences.
D. Analyzing only ecological-level (country-level) data rather than
individual-level data.
