NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
UTA Exam
1 (Latest2025/ 2026Update)Real Questionsand
Verified
Answers|100% Correct|AlreadyGradedA+.
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?:
Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons,
AmyotrophicLateralSclerosis(ALS), CV disease,HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease,
HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis
chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
2. Whatis thebody'sdefenseagainstROS?: Antioxidants(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine,
glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
3. How arefreeradicalsproduced?:1. Normalcellularrespiration
2. Absorptionof extremeenergysources(radiation,UV light)
3. Metabolismof exogenouschemicals,drugs,andpesticides
4. Transitionof metals
5. Nitric oxideactinglike a chemicalmediatorand a freeradical
4. actionpotential:Processof conductingan impulse.Activatestheneuron--> the neuron
depolarizes--> then repolarizes
5. Thresholdpotential:Point at whichdepolarizationmustreachin orderto initiate an
action potential
6. Hypokalemiaand actionpotentials:HYPERpolarized (morenegative,ex. - 100). Less
excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, pares
cardiac dysrhythmias
,7. Hyperkalemiaand actionpotentials:HYPOpolarized (morepositive,ex: closer to 0).
More excitable. Peaked T waves.
Whenrestingmembranepotential=thresholdpotential,it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
,.
8. Hypocalcemiaand actionpotentials:Increasedpermeabilityto Na+. More excitable.
Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
9. Hypercalcemiaand actionpotentials:Decreasedpermeabilityto Na+. Less excitable.
Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T wav
10. Atrophy:Occurs as a resultof decreasein workload,pressure,use,blood supply,
nutrition,hormonalstimulation,or nervousstimulation.Once thecell has decreased in size,
it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, horm
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function
may lead to cellular death.
11. Atrophyexamples:Physiologicatrophy- shrinking of thethymusgland during
childhood.
Disuseatrophy- someonethatendsup beingparalyzed
12. Hypertrophy:Increasein SIZE of cells,whichwill leadto increasein size of organ.
Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
13 Hypertrophyexamples:physiologichypertrophy- skeletalhypertrophywhena person does
heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney incr
size
pathologichypertrophy- cardiomegalyresultsfrom an increased workload
in hypertensive
patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
14. Hyperplasia:Increasein NUMBER of cells.Resultsfrom increasedrateof mitosis. Can
ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
15. Hyperplasiaexamples:1. Thickening of skin becauseof hyperplasiaof epidermal
cells.
, 2. Hormonalhyperplasia- occursin estrogendependentorganslike uterusand breast.
UTA Exam
1 (Latest2025/ 2026Update)Real Questionsand
Verified
Answers|100% Correct|AlreadyGradedA+.
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?:
Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons,
AmyotrophicLateralSclerosis(ALS), CV disease,HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease,
HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis
chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
2. Whatis thebody'sdefenseagainstROS?: Antioxidants(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine,
glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
3. How arefreeradicalsproduced?:1. Normalcellularrespiration
2. Absorptionof extremeenergysources(radiation,UV light)
3. Metabolismof exogenouschemicals,drugs,andpesticides
4. Transitionof metals
5. Nitric oxideactinglike a chemicalmediatorand a freeradical
4. actionpotential:Processof conductingan impulse.Activatestheneuron--> the neuron
depolarizes--> then repolarizes
5. Thresholdpotential:Point at whichdepolarizationmustreachin orderto initiate an
action potential
6. Hypokalemiaand actionpotentials:HYPERpolarized (morenegative,ex. - 100). Less
excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, pares
cardiac dysrhythmias
,7. Hyperkalemiaand actionpotentials:HYPOpolarized (morepositive,ex: closer to 0).
More excitable. Peaked T waves.
Whenrestingmembranepotential=thresholdpotential,it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
,.
8. Hypocalcemiaand actionpotentials:Increasedpermeabilityto Na+. More excitable.
Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
9. Hypercalcemiaand actionpotentials:Decreasedpermeabilityto Na+. Less excitable.
Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T wav
10. Atrophy:Occurs as a resultof decreasein workload,pressure,use,blood supply,
nutrition,hormonalstimulation,or nervousstimulation.Once thecell has decreased in size,
it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, horm
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function
may lead to cellular death.
11. Atrophyexamples:Physiologicatrophy- shrinking of thethymusgland during
childhood.
Disuseatrophy- someonethatendsup beingparalyzed
12. Hypertrophy:Increasein SIZE of cells,whichwill leadto increasein size of organ.
Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
13 Hypertrophyexamples:physiologichypertrophy- skeletalhypertrophywhena person does
heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney incr
size
pathologichypertrophy- cardiomegalyresultsfrom an increased workload
in hypertensive
patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
14. Hyperplasia:Increasein NUMBER of cells.Resultsfrom increasedrateof mitosis. Can
ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
15. Hyperplasiaexamples:1. Thickening of skin becauseof hyperplasiaof epidermal
cells.
, 2. Hormonalhyperplasia- occursin estrogendependentorganslike uterusand breast.
