Nurs 5315AdvancedPathophysiology
Exam 2 Set1
1. First 5 stepsin theinflammatoryprocess:
1. mastcell degranulation
2. activationof coagulationcascade
3. activationof kinin cascade
4. release of chemotactic factors 5.Activation
of thecomplementcascade
2. Role/functionin theinflammatoryprocess:Complement:
I. Form themembraneattackcomplex
II. bacteriallysis
vasodilation
III. Increasedvascularpermeability
IV. triggersmastcell degranulation
V. chemotaxis
VI. opsonization- opsoninstagforeignpathogensfor eliminationby phagocytes
3. Role/function in the inflammatory process: kinin: turned into bradykinin which is
responsiblefor pain, chemotaxisand Increasedvascularpermeabilityand vasodilation
4. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Coagulation cascade:plays role in activating
the kinin system
FactorXII (Hagemonfactor)activateskinin and formsa fibrin meshto stop bleeding and trap
microorganisms
5. Role/functionin the inflammatoryprocess:chemotacticfactors:once released attract
neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes for phagocytosis
6. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Neutrophils:
show up at thesite of injury in 6-
8 hours
,Neutrophils express and release cytokines, which in turn amplify inflammatory reactions
by sever
othercell types.In additionto recruitingand activatingother
, Nurs 5315AdvancedPathophysiology
Exam 2 Set1
cells of theimmunesystem,neutrophilsplay a key role in thefront-line defense against invading
pathogens.
7. Role/function in the inflammatory process: monocytes: Show up in 1-7 days become
macrophages
presentantigens totheCD4 cell which leadsto Tcell immunity which leadsto B cell immunity
ReleasesIL1, IL6, TNF and growthfactors
8. Role/functionin the inflammatoryprocess: Mast cell degranulation:
triggerstheactivationof theacutephasereactants
This leadsto thereleaseof histamine,cytokines,leukotrienes,plateletactivation factor and
prostaglandins
9. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Histamine 1 (H1):
promotesinflammation
smoothmuscles,i.e.bronchi- asthmacausesbronchoconstriction
10. Role/functionin the inflammatory process: Histamine 2 (H2): anti-
inflammatory properties gastric mucosa
11. Role/functionin the inflammatoryprocess:cytokines:IL4 early in theinflammation
IL 13 laterin inflammationTNF
12. Role/function in the inflammatory process: leukotrienes: released when mast cell
degranulates cause vasodilation attract neutrophils, monocytes
eosinophils
Singularimpactsleukotrienes
13. Role/function in the inflammatory process: prostaglandins:
released when the mast ce
degranulates produced by the arachidonic pathway
, Nurs 5315AdvancedPathophysiology
Exam 2 Set1
causevasodilation,plateletaggregation,pain and fever
14. Role/functionin the inflammatoryprocess: platelet-activating factor:
derivedfrom fattyacidsin theplasmamembrane
producedby neutrophils,monocytes,endothelialand platelets
causeendothelialcell retraction,increasesvascularpermeability,activates platelets, enhances
leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cell
15. Stepsin thearachidonicacidpathway:Linoleic acid plus phospholipaseA2 make
arachidonic acid (AA)
AA plus COX1 or COX 2 make Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins from COX1 maintain homeostasis
gastric
mucosaplateletaggregation fluid/electrolyte imbalance
Prostaglandinsfrom COX2 assistin theinflammatoryprocessvia pain, fever help
with homeostasis via renal function tissue repair
reproductiondevelopment
16. Function of arachidonicacid pathway:The arachidonic pathwayis the biochemical
processresponsiblefor thesynthesisof prostaglandins(See concept map).
It is madefrom linoleic acid which is partof thephospholipidcell membrane.
17. COX2 noteof caution:While COX2 inhibitorsblock theinflammatoryfunction of
prostaglandins, they can also impair renal function.
18. NSAIDS: inhibit both COX1 and COX2 prostaglandin synthesis Risk:
gastric
ulcerations,GI bleeds,bleeding,edema,renalimpairment
Exam 2 Set1
1. First 5 stepsin theinflammatoryprocess:
1. mastcell degranulation
2. activationof coagulationcascade
3. activationof kinin cascade
4. release of chemotactic factors 5.Activation
of thecomplementcascade
2. Role/functionin theinflammatoryprocess:Complement:
I. Form themembraneattackcomplex
II. bacteriallysis
vasodilation
III. Increasedvascularpermeability
IV. triggersmastcell degranulation
V. chemotaxis
VI. opsonization- opsoninstagforeignpathogensfor eliminationby phagocytes
3. Role/function in the inflammatory process: kinin: turned into bradykinin which is
responsiblefor pain, chemotaxisand Increasedvascularpermeabilityand vasodilation
4. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Coagulation cascade:plays role in activating
the kinin system
FactorXII (Hagemonfactor)activateskinin and formsa fibrin meshto stop bleeding and trap
microorganisms
5. Role/functionin the inflammatoryprocess:chemotacticfactors:once released attract
neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes for phagocytosis
6. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Neutrophils:
show up at thesite of injury in 6-
8 hours
,Neutrophils express and release cytokines, which in turn amplify inflammatory reactions
by sever
othercell types.In additionto recruitingand activatingother
, Nurs 5315AdvancedPathophysiology
Exam 2 Set1
cells of theimmunesystem,neutrophilsplay a key role in thefront-line defense against invading
pathogens.
7. Role/function in the inflammatory process: monocytes: Show up in 1-7 days become
macrophages
presentantigens totheCD4 cell which leadsto Tcell immunity which leadsto B cell immunity
ReleasesIL1, IL6, TNF and growthfactors
8. Role/functionin the inflammatoryprocess: Mast cell degranulation:
triggerstheactivationof theacutephasereactants
This leadsto thereleaseof histamine,cytokines,leukotrienes,plateletactivation factor and
prostaglandins
9. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Histamine 1 (H1):
promotesinflammation
smoothmuscles,i.e.bronchi- asthmacausesbronchoconstriction
10. Role/functionin the inflammatory process: Histamine 2 (H2): anti-
inflammatory properties gastric mucosa
11. Role/functionin the inflammatoryprocess:cytokines:IL4 early in theinflammation
IL 13 laterin inflammationTNF
12. Role/function in the inflammatory process: leukotrienes: released when mast cell
degranulates cause vasodilation attract neutrophils, monocytes
eosinophils
Singularimpactsleukotrienes
13. Role/function in the inflammatory process: prostaglandins:
released when the mast ce
degranulates produced by the arachidonic pathway
, Nurs 5315AdvancedPathophysiology
Exam 2 Set1
causevasodilation,plateletaggregation,pain and fever
14. Role/functionin the inflammatoryprocess: platelet-activating factor:
derivedfrom fattyacidsin theplasmamembrane
producedby neutrophils,monocytes,endothelialand platelets
causeendothelialcell retraction,increasesvascularpermeability,activates platelets, enhances
leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cell
15. Stepsin thearachidonicacidpathway:Linoleic acid plus phospholipaseA2 make
arachidonic acid (AA)
AA plus COX1 or COX 2 make Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins from COX1 maintain homeostasis
gastric
mucosaplateletaggregation fluid/electrolyte imbalance
Prostaglandinsfrom COX2 assistin theinflammatoryprocessvia pain, fever help
with homeostasis via renal function tissue repair
reproductiondevelopment
16. Function of arachidonicacid pathway:The arachidonic pathwayis the biochemical
processresponsiblefor thesynthesisof prostaglandins(See concept map).
It is madefrom linoleic acid which is partof thephospholipidcell membrane.
17. COX2 noteof caution:While COX2 inhibitorsblock theinflammatoryfunction of
prostaglandins, they can also impair renal function.
18. NSAIDS: inhibit both COX1 and COX2 prostaglandin synthesis Risk:
gastric
ulcerations,GI bleeds,bleeding,edema,renalimpairment
