General Terminology
Physiology - Study of normal functions of the body.
Pathology - Investigation of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs.
Etiology - Study of the cause of disease.
Intrinsic: genetic, age
Extrinsic: environment, lifestyle
Idiopathic: spontaneous, cause unknown
Lactogenic: medical errors
Nosocomial: happened in hospital (infection)
Pathogenesis - The development of a disease and the chain of events leading to
that disease.
Pathophysiology - Study of changes in physiology due to disease of injury.
Signs – objective alteration that can be observed or measured (vital signs).
Symptoms – subjective experiences reported by the patient (headache, dizzy).
Acute illness – sudden appearance of signs and symptoms – lasts a short period
of time (influenza).
Chronic illness – develops slowly, lasts longer – arthritis days or weeks compared
to months to years.
Incidence - the number of new occurrences of a condition (or disease) in a
population over a period.
Prevalence – occurrence of a condition at a particular time “picture” – it includes
both new and existing cases.
Prodromal – vague nonspecific symptoms, before the onset of specific symptoms.
Insidious – disease that comes on slowly and does not have obvious symptoms at
first.
Latent – no symptoms are present, but disease is progressing. The time between
exposure (to virus/bacteria) and symptoms.
Predisposing factor – risk factor – increases probability of disease occurrence.
Precipitating factor – trigger - condition that causes the disease to start.
Morbidity – the state of having a specific illness or condition.
, Comorbidity: multiple disorders occurring at the same time.
Mortality - Death due to a specific disease
Mortality rate – the number of deaths due to a specific cause in a particular
population. calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the population at risk
during a certain time frame.
- Rate is expressed in population units, typically as “per 100,000 people.
Disease - a health condition that has a clearly defined reason behind it.
Syndrome - several symptoms without an identifiable cause.
Remission - either the reduction or disappearance of the signs and symptoms of
a disease.
Exacerbation - worsening of a disease or an increase in its symptoms.
Complication - an unanticipated problem that arises following, and is a result of,
a procedure, treatment, or illness (not part of disease trajectory).
Sequelae - residual effects that occur after the acute (initial, most severe) phase
of an illness or injury (part of disease trajectory).
Predisposing factors – modifiable vs non-modifiable
Modifiable – smoking, drugs/alcohol, activity level, diet, stress, environment
Non-modifiable – sex, age, family history, ethnicity/race
Genetics
- An: without
- -emia: pertaining to blood
Cell Injury, Inflammation
- -itis: inflammation/infection
- Vas: vessel, duct
- Hypo: below
- Oxy: oxygen
- -ia: condition
- Antigo: vessels
- -genesis: creates
- Hyper: over
- -plasia: growth
Immune
- Thromb: clot
- -cyt: cell
- -penia: lack of
, - Hem: blood
- -lysis: destruction of cell
Respiratory
- Pneumo: air, breath
- Pneumon: lung
- Cyan: blue
- -osis: condition
, Genes and Genetic Diseases
p. 41- 54
Genes & Heredity
- Genetics: the scientific study of heredity and genetic codes
- Genes are independent genetic units (segments of DNA/Chromosome) that
carry genetic code. Genes dictate structure and function of a cell
- A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.
- Human genome is an entire set of 46 chromosomes in each cell. Every
normal human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46
chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex
chromosomes
- A trait is any gene-determined characteristic and is often determined by
more than one gene.
- Some traits are caused by mutated genes that are inherited or that are the
result of a new gene mutation.
Alleles - one of two halves of a gene. Every gene can have either 2 of the
same Allele or 2 different alleles - alleles can be dominant or recessive
- An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each
parent.
- Homozygote –the two alleles are the same, the individual is
homozygous for that gene
- Heterozygote– the alleles are different, the individual is
heterozygous for that gene
Genotype - what is in the genetic makeup. Not concerned with expression,
only pairing of alleles
Phenotype - the physical appearance/expression of the trait
Types of Genetic Disorders
Single-gene inheritance diseases (Sickle-cell anaemia)
- Mutation – an inherited alteration of genetic material (pg 39)
Physiology - Study of normal functions of the body.
Pathology - Investigation of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs.
Etiology - Study of the cause of disease.
Intrinsic: genetic, age
Extrinsic: environment, lifestyle
Idiopathic: spontaneous, cause unknown
Lactogenic: medical errors
Nosocomial: happened in hospital (infection)
Pathogenesis - The development of a disease and the chain of events leading to
that disease.
Pathophysiology - Study of changes in physiology due to disease of injury.
Signs – objective alteration that can be observed or measured (vital signs).
Symptoms – subjective experiences reported by the patient (headache, dizzy).
Acute illness – sudden appearance of signs and symptoms – lasts a short period
of time (influenza).
Chronic illness – develops slowly, lasts longer – arthritis days or weeks compared
to months to years.
Incidence - the number of new occurrences of a condition (or disease) in a
population over a period.
Prevalence – occurrence of a condition at a particular time “picture” – it includes
both new and existing cases.
Prodromal – vague nonspecific symptoms, before the onset of specific symptoms.
Insidious – disease that comes on slowly and does not have obvious symptoms at
first.
Latent – no symptoms are present, but disease is progressing. The time between
exposure (to virus/bacteria) and symptoms.
Predisposing factor – risk factor – increases probability of disease occurrence.
Precipitating factor – trigger - condition that causes the disease to start.
Morbidity – the state of having a specific illness or condition.
, Comorbidity: multiple disorders occurring at the same time.
Mortality - Death due to a specific disease
Mortality rate – the number of deaths due to a specific cause in a particular
population. calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the population at risk
during a certain time frame.
- Rate is expressed in population units, typically as “per 100,000 people.
Disease - a health condition that has a clearly defined reason behind it.
Syndrome - several symptoms without an identifiable cause.
Remission - either the reduction or disappearance of the signs and symptoms of
a disease.
Exacerbation - worsening of a disease or an increase in its symptoms.
Complication - an unanticipated problem that arises following, and is a result of,
a procedure, treatment, or illness (not part of disease trajectory).
Sequelae - residual effects that occur after the acute (initial, most severe) phase
of an illness or injury (part of disease trajectory).
Predisposing factors – modifiable vs non-modifiable
Modifiable – smoking, drugs/alcohol, activity level, diet, stress, environment
Non-modifiable – sex, age, family history, ethnicity/race
Genetics
- An: without
- -emia: pertaining to blood
Cell Injury, Inflammation
- -itis: inflammation/infection
- Vas: vessel, duct
- Hypo: below
- Oxy: oxygen
- -ia: condition
- Antigo: vessels
- -genesis: creates
- Hyper: over
- -plasia: growth
Immune
- Thromb: clot
- -cyt: cell
- -penia: lack of
, - Hem: blood
- -lysis: destruction of cell
Respiratory
- Pneumo: air, breath
- Pneumon: lung
- Cyan: blue
- -osis: condition
, Genes and Genetic Diseases
p. 41- 54
Genes & Heredity
- Genetics: the scientific study of heredity and genetic codes
- Genes are independent genetic units (segments of DNA/Chromosome) that
carry genetic code. Genes dictate structure and function of a cell
- A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.
- Human genome is an entire set of 46 chromosomes in each cell. Every
normal human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46
chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex
chromosomes
- A trait is any gene-determined characteristic and is often determined by
more than one gene.
- Some traits are caused by mutated genes that are inherited or that are the
result of a new gene mutation.
Alleles - one of two halves of a gene. Every gene can have either 2 of the
same Allele or 2 different alleles - alleles can be dominant or recessive
- An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each
parent.
- Homozygote –the two alleles are the same, the individual is
homozygous for that gene
- Heterozygote– the alleles are different, the individual is
heterozygous for that gene
Genotype - what is in the genetic makeup. Not concerned with expression,
only pairing of alleles
Phenotype - the physical appearance/expression of the trait
Types of Genetic Disorders
Single-gene inheritance diseases (Sickle-cell anaemia)
- Mutation – an inherited alteration of genetic material (pg 39)
