NR508 Midterm study guide Questions
and Answers (Latest Update
2024/2025)GRADED A+
First line tx for CHF - CORRECT ANSWERS ACEIs or ARBs, loop diuretics, beta blockers
ACEs and ARBs have been shown to decrease____ in CHF patients - CORRECT ANSWERS
mortality
AA Tx for CHF - CORRECT ANSWERS hydralazine + nitrates (isosorbide dinatrate)
When should beta blockers be started in CHF patients - CORRECT ANSWERS When stable on
ACEIs, especially with low diastolic HF
Loop diuretics are inhibited by what medication - CORRECT ANSWERS NSAIDs
Does digoxin improve mortality in CHF patients? - CORRECT ANSWERS No, but it does decrease
symptoms and reduce hospital readmissions
When should digoxin be used in heart failure patients - CORRECT ANSWERS Only with systolic
HF and Afib
If giving lasix with digoxin, you should add _____ - CORRECT ANSWERS spirinolactone to
reduce risk of toxicity d/t hypokalemia
Sx of digoxin toxicity and Tx - CORRECT ANSWERS Sx: SVT with AV blocks, yellow/green/halo
vision
Tx: antidigitalis FAB antibodies and correction of hypokalemia
,If lasix not effective for fluid retention in CHF, add - CORRECT ANSWERS spirinolactone or
eplerenone if spirinolactone not tolerated
When should a CCB be utilized in CHF and which ones should be used? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Only if needed for angina or hypertension and if EF is preserved. May use amlodipine or felodipine
Common ACEI medications - CORRECT ANSWERS Benazapril, Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril,
Quinapril, Ramipril
Uses of ACEIs - CORRECT ANSWERS HPTN, CHF, Proteinuria, Diabetic nephropathy, prevent
unfavorable heart remodeling as result of chronic HPTN
MOA of ACEIs - CORRECT ANSWERS ACEIs inhibit ACE which converts Angiotensin I to
Angiotensin II. This prevents the actions of Angiotensin II which are vasoconstriction and Na2+ and H2O
rentention. ACEIs also inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes vasodilation which leaded
to reduced SVR and increased CO.
Side effects of ACEIs - CORRECT ANSWERS Cough, angioedema, fetal renal malformations,
increased GFR and creatinine, hyperkalemia, and hypotension
ACEIs are contraindicated in - CORRECT ANSWERS bilateral renal artery stenosis and C1
esterase inhibitor deficiency
ACEIs are ____ effective in AAs and they have a(n) _____ risk for angioedema - CORRECT ANSWERS
less, increased
If an ACEIs is not tolerated/contraindicated give - CORRECT ANSWERS ARBs
, Which antihypertensives are contraindicated in patients which asthma or COPD? - CORRECT ANSWERS
non-selective beta blockers can cause bronchospam. They include propranolol, pindolol, nadolol, sotalol,
timolol, carvidelol, and labetalol.
MOA of digoxin - CORRECT ANSWERS Digoxin slows down the Na2+/K+ ATPase pump. Na2+
builds up in cell and then leaves via the Na2+/Ca2+ exchange instead. Ca2+ then builds up in the cell,
leading to increased inotrophy (contractility). Increased contractility results in increased cardiac output
and slight diuresis. Digoxin also increased the activity of the vagus nerve, leading to decreased heart rate
d/t decreased conduction through the AV node.
Digoxin therapeutic range - CORRECT ANSWERS 0.5-0.9 ng/mL
First generation penicillins - CORRECT ANSWERS Natural PCNs: Penicillin G and Penicillin V
Penicillin G uses - CORRECT ANSWERS Syphilis and Group A strep
Penicillin V uses - CORRECT ANSWERS Group AB hemolytic strep, scarlet fever, pharyngitis in
children, URI, otitis media, prevention of Strep A reoccurance after rheumatic fever
Second generation PCN - CORRECT ANSWERS Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
Ampicillin uses - CORRECT ANSWERS H. influenzae, staph, s. penumoniae, shingella, E. coli,
salmonella, Enterococci, and N. Gonorrhea (URI, UTI, GI, GU)
Amoxicillin uses - CORRECT ANSWERS Step, Staph, E. coli, Enterococci, N. Gonorrhea,
Pneumococcus
Amoxicillin + Clavulonic Acid (Augmentin) uses - CORRECT ANSWERS added a beta lactamase
inhibitor. H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis (otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia)
and Answers (Latest Update
2024/2025)GRADED A+
First line tx for CHF - CORRECT ANSWERS ACEIs or ARBs, loop diuretics, beta blockers
ACEs and ARBs have been shown to decrease____ in CHF patients - CORRECT ANSWERS
mortality
AA Tx for CHF - CORRECT ANSWERS hydralazine + nitrates (isosorbide dinatrate)
When should beta blockers be started in CHF patients - CORRECT ANSWERS When stable on
ACEIs, especially with low diastolic HF
Loop diuretics are inhibited by what medication - CORRECT ANSWERS NSAIDs
Does digoxin improve mortality in CHF patients? - CORRECT ANSWERS No, but it does decrease
symptoms and reduce hospital readmissions
When should digoxin be used in heart failure patients - CORRECT ANSWERS Only with systolic
HF and Afib
If giving lasix with digoxin, you should add _____ - CORRECT ANSWERS spirinolactone to
reduce risk of toxicity d/t hypokalemia
Sx of digoxin toxicity and Tx - CORRECT ANSWERS Sx: SVT with AV blocks, yellow/green/halo
vision
Tx: antidigitalis FAB antibodies and correction of hypokalemia
,If lasix not effective for fluid retention in CHF, add - CORRECT ANSWERS spirinolactone or
eplerenone if spirinolactone not tolerated
When should a CCB be utilized in CHF and which ones should be used? - CORRECT ANSWERS
Only if needed for angina or hypertension and if EF is preserved. May use amlodipine or felodipine
Common ACEI medications - CORRECT ANSWERS Benazapril, Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril,
Quinapril, Ramipril
Uses of ACEIs - CORRECT ANSWERS HPTN, CHF, Proteinuria, Diabetic nephropathy, prevent
unfavorable heart remodeling as result of chronic HPTN
MOA of ACEIs - CORRECT ANSWERS ACEIs inhibit ACE which converts Angiotensin I to
Angiotensin II. This prevents the actions of Angiotensin II which are vasoconstriction and Na2+ and H2O
rentention. ACEIs also inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes vasodilation which leaded
to reduced SVR and increased CO.
Side effects of ACEIs - CORRECT ANSWERS Cough, angioedema, fetal renal malformations,
increased GFR and creatinine, hyperkalemia, and hypotension
ACEIs are contraindicated in - CORRECT ANSWERS bilateral renal artery stenosis and C1
esterase inhibitor deficiency
ACEIs are ____ effective in AAs and they have a(n) _____ risk for angioedema - CORRECT ANSWERS
less, increased
If an ACEIs is not tolerated/contraindicated give - CORRECT ANSWERS ARBs
, Which antihypertensives are contraindicated in patients which asthma or COPD? - CORRECT ANSWERS
non-selective beta blockers can cause bronchospam. They include propranolol, pindolol, nadolol, sotalol,
timolol, carvidelol, and labetalol.
MOA of digoxin - CORRECT ANSWERS Digoxin slows down the Na2+/K+ ATPase pump. Na2+
builds up in cell and then leaves via the Na2+/Ca2+ exchange instead. Ca2+ then builds up in the cell,
leading to increased inotrophy (contractility). Increased contractility results in increased cardiac output
and slight diuresis. Digoxin also increased the activity of the vagus nerve, leading to decreased heart rate
d/t decreased conduction through the AV node.
Digoxin therapeutic range - CORRECT ANSWERS 0.5-0.9 ng/mL
First generation penicillins - CORRECT ANSWERS Natural PCNs: Penicillin G and Penicillin V
Penicillin G uses - CORRECT ANSWERS Syphilis and Group A strep
Penicillin V uses - CORRECT ANSWERS Group AB hemolytic strep, scarlet fever, pharyngitis in
children, URI, otitis media, prevention of Strep A reoccurance after rheumatic fever
Second generation PCN - CORRECT ANSWERS Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
Ampicillin uses - CORRECT ANSWERS H. influenzae, staph, s. penumoniae, shingella, E. coli,
salmonella, Enterococci, and N. Gonorrhea (URI, UTI, GI, GU)
Amoxicillin uses - CORRECT ANSWERS Step, Staph, E. coli, Enterococci, N. Gonorrhea,
Pneumococcus
Amoxicillin + Clavulonic Acid (Augmentin) uses - CORRECT ANSWERS added a beta lactamase
inhibitor. H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis (otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia)
