MSN 277 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest 2025-2026
Being available in a situation with the wholeness of one's individual being
BEING WITH and DOING FOR the patient
Doing for=physical assessment, observation, direct patient care
Being with=caring for emotional, spiritual, behavioral needs - Answers Nursing Presence
Behaviors that convey nursing presence - Answers Trust
Openness
Small talk
Empathetic attention
Patient education
Coordination of care
Direct/Indirect care
Patho of type 1 diabetes - Answers -Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
-DEC insulin production
-glucose from food can't be stored in liver
Patho of Type 2 diabetes - Answers Insufficient amount of insulin production/ poor utilization of
insulin
S/S of Type 1 DM - Answers Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polyuria
S/S of Type 2 DM - Answers -3 Ps
-Fatigue
,-recurrent infection
-delayed wound healing
-visual changes
Diagnostic Tests for DM - Answers -HgbA1C >6.5%
-Fasting plasma glucose >126mg/dl
-2 hour plasma glucose >200mg/dl
-randome glucose test >200mg/dl
Risk factors for type 1 DM - Answers genetic predisposition
Risk factors for type II DM - Answers obesity
fam history
Ethnicity (AA, Asian, NA)
Complications with Type 1 DM - Answers Acute: DKA & Hypoglycemia
Chronic: Macrovascular disease, Microvascular disease (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephrothopy,
dermopathy)
Complications for type 2 DM - Answers ACUTE: Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS)
CHRONIC: same as type 1 DM
Patho of DKA - Answers -insulin supply=insufficient
-glucose unable to be used for energy...body breaks down fats into FFAs and ketones
-ketones = metabolic acidosis
S/S of DKA - Answers **Kussmaul Respirations (blowing off CO2)
fruity breath, weakness/fatigue, polydipsia, orthostatic hypotension, poor skin turgor
Diagnostic testing for DKA - Answers -blood glucose >300mg/dl
-arterial blood pH <7.3
, -serum bicarbonate level <15mEq
-Ketones in blood/urine
Risk factors for DKA - Answers -Type I DM
-illness
-infection
-inadequate insulin dosage
-undiagnosed type I DM
-poor self management
Interventions for DKA - Answers -replace fluids (IV)
-airway management
-stabilize BP and UO
-insulin therapy
-monitor vitals
-potassium replacement
Pharm for DKA - Answers -IV infusion 0.9% NaCl (after BG=250, add 5% dextrose to IV)
-continuous regular insulin drip @ 0.1 U/kg/hr
Patho of HHS - Answers patient able to make enough insulin to prevent DKA... but not enough to
prevent hyperglycemia
-INC glucose in blood = severe fluid volume deficit
-leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hypovolemia `
S/S of HHS - Answers -dehydration (poor turgor, tachycardia, hypotension)
-seizures
-coma
-death
Diagnostic for HHS - Answers -Blood glucose >600mg/dl
Being available in a situation with the wholeness of one's individual being
BEING WITH and DOING FOR the patient
Doing for=physical assessment, observation, direct patient care
Being with=caring for emotional, spiritual, behavioral needs - Answers Nursing Presence
Behaviors that convey nursing presence - Answers Trust
Openness
Small talk
Empathetic attention
Patient education
Coordination of care
Direct/Indirect care
Patho of type 1 diabetes - Answers -Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
-DEC insulin production
-glucose from food can't be stored in liver
Patho of Type 2 diabetes - Answers Insufficient amount of insulin production/ poor utilization of
insulin
S/S of Type 1 DM - Answers Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polyuria
S/S of Type 2 DM - Answers -3 Ps
-Fatigue
,-recurrent infection
-delayed wound healing
-visual changes
Diagnostic Tests for DM - Answers -HgbA1C >6.5%
-Fasting plasma glucose >126mg/dl
-2 hour plasma glucose >200mg/dl
-randome glucose test >200mg/dl
Risk factors for type 1 DM - Answers genetic predisposition
Risk factors for type II DM - Answers obesity
fam history
Ethnicity (AA, Asian, NA)
Complications with Type 1 DM - Answers Acute: DKA & Hypoglycemia
Chronic: Macrovascular disease, Microvascular disease (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephrothopy,
dermopathy)
Complications for type 2 DM - Answers ACUTE: Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS)
CHRONIC: same as type 1 DM
Patho of DKA - Answers -insulin supply=insufficient
-glucose unable to be used for energy...body breaks down fats into FFAs and ketones
-ketones = metabolic acidosis
S/S of DKA - Answers **Kussmaul Respirations (blowing off CO2)
fruity breath, weakness/fatigue, polydipsia, orthostatic hypotension, poor skin turgor
Diagnostic testing for DKA - Answers -blood glucose >300mg/dl
-arterial blood pH <7.3
, -serum bicarbonate level <15mEq
-Ketones in blood/urine
Risk factors for DKA - Answers -Type I DM
-illness
-infection
-inadequate insulin dosage
-undiagnosed type I DM
-poor self management
Interventions for DKA - Answers -replace fluids (IV)
-airway management
-stabilize BP and UO
-insulin therapy
-monitor vitals
-potassium replacement
Pharm for DKA - Answers -IV infusion 0.9% NaCl (after BG=250, add 5% dextrose to IV)
-continuous regular insulin drip @ 0.1 U/kg/hr
Patho of HHS - Answers patient able to make enough insulin to prevent DKA... but not enough to
prevent hyperglycemia
-INC glucose in blood = severe fluid volume deficit
-leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hypovolemia `
S/S of HHS - Answers -dehydration (poor turgor, tachycardia, hypotension)
-seizures
-coma
-death
Diagnostic for HHS - Answers -Blood glucose >600mg/dl
