EXAM 3 BREAST CANCER
Who has the lowest rate of breast cancer? Hispanic women.
One of the keys to helping folks who are diagnosed with breast cancer recover and be cured from
the disease is? early diagnosis and prevention
High risk of developing breast cancer:
1. Increased breast density
2. BMI of 32
3. Undergoing hormonal replacement therapy for 10 years
4. Postmenopausal
5. Long-term use of oral contraceptive hormone replacement therapy
6. Menarche at an early age and nulliparous ( getting the menstrual cycle early (monarch )
nulliparous ( having never given birth to a child)
screening and prevention
What are some things that you could recommend to your patient who is
coming to you, and you're going to educate them on risk factors for breast
cancer, and what they can do to monitor and assess
1. Mammograms
2. Monthly assessments to make sure that you're checking for lumps
3. Yearly screening
Something that puts people at risk for breast cancer
1. Smoking
2. High stress
3. Been overweight
4. Genetics factor
5. Lifestyle
6. Hormonal factors
7. Family history
8. Reproductive history: having a first child after age 35 or not
breastfeeding
9. Age after 50
10. Radiation exposure
11. Women who have never carried a child are at a higher risk of
getting breast cancer
12. Women who have only one kid have a higher risk of breast
cancer
Other Things for prevention that might help, and that you might be aware
of.
1. Exercise Regularly
2. Limit Alcohol Consumption
3. Avoid Smoking
4. Breastfeed, If Possible
, 5. Be Aware of Your Family History
SCREENING THREE-PRONGED APPROACH
1. BREAST SELF-EXAM
2. CLINICAL BREAST EXAM
3. MAMMOGRAPHY
1. We can do imaging studies
2. Sonograms,
3. Ultrasounds
4. MRI
5. Breast biopsy for any cancer.
6. The only way to diagnose cancer definitively is by biopsy
7. Needle biopsy or surgical biopsy
Staging and grading of cancers, and how do we stage cancer?
The three letters of the staging chart TNM
1. T- stands for tumor, usually the size of it
2. N-Node, are there any lymph nodes
3. M- metastasized, has it spread
Benign breast disease, the cyst or the lump usually has a rubbery texture
It's mobile, it moves around, it's slippery underneath your fingers, it has
regular borders
it can be tender, there's no retraction, so there's no dimpling, and it may
increase or decrease in size rapidly, usually dependent on hormonal surges
Cancer is usually unilateral, firm in texture fixed firmly where it's at
Irregular in terms of order, it's usually painless, but it can be painful.
Breast Cancer ASSESSMENT
1. CXR – chest x-ray
2. One scan
3. CT
4. MRI
5. PET scan
Double-check for metastasis
Blood tests/ CBC, Liver Enzymes, Ca, Alkaline Phosphatase
Biopsy/cytology
****What is neutropenia
What is protective isolation?
1. Private room for the patient
2. negative pressures
3. hygiene
, 4. No fresh flowers
5. No plants r
6. No fresh fruits and vegetables
7. The patient needs to wear a surgical mask if they going to leave
the room
How can we get white blood cells to go back up besides waiting? What else
can we give them
medication
Name of the medication: Filgrastim
Filgrastim helps to increase white blood cells in neutropenic patients
Medication Name Filgrastim
Purpose:
Stimulates bone marrow to produce more neutrophils, a type of WBC.
Helps prevent or treat neutropenia (low neutrophil count), which reduces
infection risk.
In terms of treatment for different types of cancer.
1. We can use chemotherapy,
2. we can use internal, or external radiation
3. Internal radiation is called brachytherapy.
4. We can also use ablation therapy,
5. We can perform surgery to remove the affected organ
Breast cancer screening for breast cancer is done through
mammograms
Women get mammograms annually starting at age 40
In addition to monthly breast self-examinations
Women are at higher risk for breast cancer because of
a family history
risk factors
1. genetics
2. early monarchy, which means the early onset of periods
3. Or late onset of menopause, those are risk factors for breast cancer
4. Other risk factors include long-term use of oral contraceptives
5. Hormone replacement therapy
6. smoking
7. obesity
Signs and symptoms of breast cancer
1. Breast tumors are that it is firm, immobile, and non-tender lumps
2. If the patient has some dimpling over the skin of the breast or this
pod orange peel appearance
3. The breast skin over the breast looks like the outside surface of an
orange
4. or if you have like ****** retraction ****** ulceration or discharged
5. Those are all warning signs of breast cancer
, 6. In terms of treatment
7. Hormone therapy can be used for breast cancer
8. Medication: tamoxifen, chemotherapy, radiation, and then surgery
Common Indications:
After chemotherapy (which can suppress bone marrow).
In cases of severe chronic neutropenia.
After bone marrow transplantation.
For stem cell mobilization before collection for transplant.
Common Side Effects:
Bone pain (most common).
Fatigue, headache.
Nausea
fever
Local reactions at the injection site.
Rarely, splenic rupture or allergic reactions.
Nursing Teaching and Considerations:
Before Administration: Assess CBC with differential before and during
therapy. Monitor WBC counts regularly
Watch for signs of infection
Monitor for allergic reactions, especially during the first dose.
What is a normal WBC count? ---- 5000-10000
What does a high WBC mean? ------ Infection
What is a low WBC mean? ------- neutropenic
Things that can happen with myelosuppression include
a decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit
What will the person look like if they have a decrease in H&H? Fatigue
What are we generally referring to as that condition? Anemia,
Who has the lowest rate of breast cancer? Hispanic women.
One of the keys to helping folks who are diagnosed with breast cancer recover and be cured from
the disease is? early diagnosis and prevention
High risk of developing breast cancer:
1. Increased breast density
2. BMI of 32
3. Undergoing hormonal replacement therapy for 10 years
4. Postmenopausal
5. Long-term use of oral contraceptive hormone replacement therapy
6. Menarche at an early age and nulliparous ( getting the menstrual cycle early (monarch )
nulliparous ( having never given birth to a child)
screening and prevention
What are some things that you could recommend to your patient who is
coming to you, and you're going to educate them on risk factors for breast
cancer, and what they can do to monitor and assess
1. Mammograms
2. Monthly assessments to make sure that you're checking for lumps
3. Yearly screening
Something that puts people at risk for breast cancer
1. Smoking
2. High stress
3. Been overweight
4. Genetics factor
5. Lifestyle
6. Hormonal factors
7. Family history
8. Reproductive history: having a first child after age 35 or not
breastfeeding
9. Age after 50
10. Radiation exposure
11. Women who have never carried a child are at a higher risk of
getting breast cancer
12. Women who have only one kid have a higher risk of breast
cancer
Other Things for prevention that might help, and that you might be aware
of.
1. Exercise Regularly
2. Limit Alcohol Consumption
3. Avoid Smoking
4. Breastfeed, If Possible
, 5. Be Aware of Your Family History
SCREENING THREE-PRONGED APPROACH
1. BREAST SELF-EXAM
2. CLINICAL BREAST EXAM
3. MAMMOGRAPHY
1. We can do imaging studies
2. Sonograms,
3. Ultrasounds
4. MRI
5. Breast biopsy for any cancer.
6. The only way to diagnose cancer definitively is by biopsy
7. Needle biopsy or surgical biopsy
Staging and grading of cancers, and how do we stage cancer?
The three letters of the staging chart TNM
1. T- stands for tumor, usually the size of it
2. N-Node, are there any lymph nodes
3. M- metastasized, has it spread
Benign breast disease, the cyst or the lump usually has a rubbery texture
It's mobile, it moves around, it's slippery underneath your fingers, it has
regular borders
it can be tender, there's no retraction, so there's no dimpling, and it may
increase or decrease in size rapidly, usually dependent on hormonal surges
Cancer is usually unilateral, firm in texture fixed firmly where it's at
Irregular in terms of order, it's usually painless, but it can be painful.
Breast Cancer ASSESSMENT
1. CXR – chest x-ray
2. One scan
3. CT
4. MRI
5. PET scan
Double-check for metastasis
Blood tests/ CBC, Liver Enzymes, Ca, Alkaline Phosphatase
Biopsy/cytology
****What is neutropenia
What is protective isolation?
1. Private room for the patient
2. negative pressures
3. hygiene
, 4. No fresh flowers
5. No plants r
6. No fresh fruits and vegetables
7. The patient needs to wear a surgical mask if they going to leave
the room
How can we get white blood cells to go back up besides waiting? What else
can we give them
medication
Name of the medication: Filgrastim
Filgrastim helps to increase white blood cells in neutropenic patients
Medication Name Filgrastim
Purpose:
Stimulates bone marrow to produce more neutrophils, a type of WBC.
Helps prevent or treat neutropenia (low neutrophil count), which reduces
infection risk.
In terms of treatment for different types of cancer.
1. We can use chemotherapy,
2. we can use internal, or external radiation
3. Internal radiation is called brachytherapy.
4. We can also use ablation therapy,
5. We can perform surgery to remove the affected organ
Breast cancer screening for breast cancer is done through
mammograms
Women get mammograms annually starting at age 40
In addition to monthly breast self-examinations
Women are at higher risk for breast cancer because of
a family history
risk factors
1. genetics
2. early monarchy, which means the early onset of periods
3. Or late onset of menopause, those are risk factors for breast cancer
4. Other risk factors include long-term use of oral contraceptives
5. Hormone replacement therapy
6. smoking
7. obesity
Signs and symptoms of breast cancer
1. Breast tumors are that it is firm, immobile, and non-tender lumps
2. If the patient has some dimpling over the skin of the breast or this
pod orange peel appearance
3. The breast skin over the breast looks like the outside surface of an
orange
4. or if you have like ****** retraction ****** ulceration or discharged
5. Those are all warning signs of breast cancer
, 6. In terms of treatment
7. Hormone therapy can be used for breast cancer
8. Medication: tamoxifen, chemotherapy, radiation, and then surgery
Common Indications:
After chemotherapy (which can suppress bone marrow).
In cases of severe chronic neutropenia.
After bone marrow transplantation.
For stem cell mobilization before collection for transplant.
Common Side Effects:
Bone pain (most common).
Fatigue, headache.
Nausea
fever
Local reactions at the injection site.
Rarely, splenic rupture or allergic reactions.
Nursing Teaching and Considerations:
Before Administration: Assess CBC with differential before and during
therapy. Monitor WBC counts regularly
Watch for signs of infection
Monitor for allergic reactions, especially during the first dose.
What is a normal WBC count? ---- 5000-10000
What does a high WBC mean? ------ Infection
What is a low WBC mean? ------- neutropenic
Things that can happen with myelosuppression include
a decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit
What will the person look like if they have a decrease in H&H? Fatigue
What are we generally referring to as that condition? Anemia,
