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BIOD 331 exam 1 Latest 2025/ 2026 Complete
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
|Already Graded A+|| LATEST UPDATE!!!
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found
throughout body and used for communication between
peripheral tissues and central nervous system. Senses
and moves about the environment. Two types of cells: glial
(supporting neurons) and neurons (function in
communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy
is the decrease of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in
the mass of pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse,
nutritional or oxygen deprivation, aging, diminished
endocrine stimulation, or denervation.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Hypertrophy is the
increase of the size of an organ or tissue due to an
increase in the size of the cells that comprise it. An
increase of workload causes protein synthesis and the
size and number of intracellular organelles are all
increased.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Hyperplasia is an
increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an
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increase in the number of cells that compromise the organ
or tissue.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia? -
ANSWER-Metaplasia is the replacement of one
differentiated tissue by another. One advantage is that
cells are more likely to survive in a less-than-optimal
environment. One disadvantage is that if the cells remain
under constant stress, it can progress to dysplasia.
Define dysplasia. Is it reversible? What can it lead to? -
ANSWER-Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and can
result in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.
Dysplasia is reversible, in theory, with alleviation of inciting
stress. If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to
carcinoma (irreversible).
List the 5 categories in which cells can be damaged and
give an example of each. - ANSWER-1. Injury from
physical agents: mechanical forces (i.e. burns, fractured
bones)
2. Injury from biological agents: viruses, parasites, and
bacteria
3. Chemical injuries: drug toxicities, lead and mercury
toxicity
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4. Radiation injuries: occur as a result of ionizing (radiation
treatment for cancer), ultraviolet, nonionizing
5. Injury from nutritional imbalances: can be caused by
nutrient excesses or deficiency
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER-Apoptosis is programmed
cell death. This rids the body of cells that are worn out,
have been produced in excess, or have improperly
formed.
What is necrosis? - ANSWER-Necrosis, much like
apoptosis, is cellular death but of an organ or tissue that is
still part of a living person. Necrosis tends to set off
inflammatory responses, and it can inhibit cell replacement
and rejuvenation.
What is coagulative necrosis? - ANSWER-Coagulative
necrosis results from a sudden cut off of blood supply to
an organ (ischemia)
What is Liquefactive necrosis? - ANSWER-Occurs when
some cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not
destroyed. Commonly see with brain infarcts or
abscesses.
BIOD 331 exam 1 Latest 2025/ 2026 Complete
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
|Already Graded A+|| LATEST UPDATE!!!
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found
throughout body and used for communication between
peripheral tissues and central nervous system. Senses
and moves about the environment. Two types of cells: glial
(supporting neurons) and neurons (function in
communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy
is the decrease of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in
the mass of pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse,
nutritional or oxygen deprivation, aging, diminished
endocrine stimulation, or denervation.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Hypertrophy is the
increase of the size of an organ or tissue due to an
increase in the size of the cells that comprise it. An
increase of workload causes protein synthesis and the
size and number of intracellular organelles are all
increased.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Hyperplasia is an
increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an
,2|Page
increase in the number of cells that compromise the organ
or tissue.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia? -
ANSWER-Metaplasia is the replacement of one
differentiated tissue by another. One advantage is that
cells are more likely to survive in a less-than-optimal
environment. One disadvantage is that if the cells remain
under constant stress, it can progress to dysplasia.
Define dysplasia. Is it reversible? What can it lead to? -
ANSWER-Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and can
result in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.
Dysplasia is reversible, in theory, with alleviation of inciting
stress. If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to
carcinoma (irreversible).
List the 5 categories in which cells can be damaged and
give an example of each. - ANSWER-1. Injury from
physical agents: mechanical forces (i.e. burns, fractured
bones)
2. Injury from biological agents: viruses, parasites, and
bacteria
3. Chemical injuries: drug toxicities, lead and mercury
toxicity
, 3|Page
4. Radiation injuries: occur as a result of ionizing (radiation
treatment for cancer), ultraviolet, nonionizing
5. Injury from nutritional imbalances: can be caused by
nutrient excesses or deficiency
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER-Apoptosis is programmed
cell death. This rids the body of cells that are worn out,
have been produced in excess, or have improperly
formed.
What is necrosis? - ANSWER-Necrosis, much like
apoptosis, is cellular death but of an organ or tissue that is
still part of a living person. Necrosis tends to set off
inflammatory responses, and it can inhibit cell replacement
and rejuvenation.
What is coagulative necrosis? - ANSWER-Coagulative
necrosis results from a sudden cut off of blood supply to
an organ (ischemia)
What is Liquefactive necrosis? - ANSWER-Occurs when
some cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not
destroyed. Commonly see with brain infarcts or
abscesses.
