1|Page
BIOD 331 Exam 2 Newest 2025/ 2026 Complete
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
|Already Graded A+|| LATEST EXAM!!!
Name some morphological changes with anaplasia. -
ANSWER-1. Cells and nuclei have variations in size and
shape (pleomorphism)
2. Chromatin is coarse and clumped
3. Nucleoli contain abnormal amount of chromosomes
Rather than the tissue of origin, anaplastic cells resemble
______ - ANSWER-Undifferentiated or embryonic cells
Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a well
differentiated neoplasm be classified as? - ANSWER-
Grade I
The closer the tumor cells resemble comparable normal
tissue cells, both morphologically and functionally, the
_______ the grade - ANSWER-Lower
Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a
poorly differentiated neoplasm be classified as? -
ANSWER-Grade IV
,2|Page
The dysregulated nature of cancer often leads to a ______
frequency of genetic errors and therefore an increase in its
________ _________ - ANSWER-High; genetic instability
______ refers to chromosomes lost or gained - ANSWER-
aneuploidy
______ refers to insertions, deletions, and amplifications
of chromosomes - ANSWER-intrachromosomal instability
________ refers to short, repetitive sequences of DNA -
ANSWER-Microsatellite instability
______ refers to specific, usually affecting only a single
nucleotide - ANSWER-Point mutations
____________ describes how cancer cells can proliferate
even in the absence of growth factors - ANSWER-Growth
factor independence
In what ways can cancer cells rapidly divide without
growth factors? - ANSWER-1. Divide w/o binding of
growth factor to receptors
2. Produce own growth factors
,3|Page
3. Abnormal receptors or signaling proteins
___________ the cessation of growth after cells reach a
certain density, is often lost in cancer cells - ANSWER-Cell
density-dependent inhibition
In cancer cells, _____ _______ ________ ________are
lost, meaning cells do not stick together. This, in turn,
permits the surface cells of the tumor to shed into the
surrounding body fluids or secretions. - ANSWER-Cell
cohesiveness and adhesion
Cancer cells, can remain viable and multiply without
normal attachments to other cells or the extracellular
matrix. this is an example of: - ANSWER-Anchorage
dependence
In cancer cells, this interferes with intercellular
connections and the responsiveness to membrane-derived
signals. This refers to: - ANSWER-Cell-to-cell
communication
Cancer cells tend to divide an infinite number of times,
thereby achieving immortality. This refers to: - ANSWER-
Unlimited life span
, 4|Page
While telomeres, the protective 'end-caps' on
chromosomes, typically shorten with each cell division,
most cancer cells keep high levels of _________, an
enzyme that prevents telomere shortening - ANSWER-
Telomerase
Cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or
antigens that are immunologically different from its normal
tissue counterpart. This refers to: - ANSWER-Antigen
expression
Cancer cells often revert to ______ patterns of gene
expression and therefore produce antigens far different
from the cells of the original tissue - ANSWER-embryonic
What is Chromosomal translocation? - ANSWER-the
unusual movement or rearrangement of a segment of
chromosomal DNA
In Burkitt lymphoma, the ______ proto-oncogene is
translocated from its normal position on chromosome 8 to
chromosome 14 - ANSWER-Myc
BIOD 331 Exam 2 Newest 2025/ 2026 Complete
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
|Already Graded A+|| LATEST EXAM!!!
Name some morphological changes with anaplasia. -
ANSWER-1. Cells and nuclei have variations in size and
shape (pleomorphism)
2. Chromatin is coarse and clumped
3. Nucleoli contain abnormal amount of chromosomes
Rather than the tissue of origin, anaplastic cells resemble
______ - ANSWER-Undifferentiated or embryonic cells
Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a well
differentiated neoplasm be classified as? - ANSWER-
Grade I
The closer the tumor cells resemble comparable normal
tissue cells, both morphologically and functionally, the
_______ the grade - ANSWER-Lower
Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a
poorly differentiated neoplasm be classified as? -
ANSWER-Grade IV
,2|Page
The dysregulated nature of cancer often leads to a ______
frequency of genetic errors and therefore an increase in its
________ _________ - ANSWER-High; genetic instability
______ refers to chromosomes lost or gained - ANSWER-
aneuploidy
______ refers to insertions, deletions, and amplifications
of chromosomes - ANSWER-intrachromosomal instability
________ refers to short, repetitive sequences of DNA -
ANSWER-Microsatellite instability
______ refers to specific, usually affecting only a single
nucleotide - ANSWER-Point mutations
____________ describes how cancer cells can proliferate
even in the absence of growth factors - ANSWER-Growth
factor independence
In what ways can cancer cells rapidly divide without
growth factors? - ANSWER-1. Divide w/o binding of
growth factor to receptors
2. Produce own growth factors
,3|Page
3. Abnormal receptors or signaling proteins
___________ the cessation of growth after cells reach a
certain density, is often lost in cancer cells - ANSWER-Cell
density-dependent inhibition
In cancer cells, _____ _______ ________ ________are
lost, meaning cells do not stick together. This, in turn,
permits the surface cells of the tumor to shed into the
surrounding body fluids or secretions. - ANSWER-Cell
cohesiveness and adhesion
Cancer cells, can remain viable and multiply without
normal attachments to other cells or the extracellular
matrix. this is an example of: - ANSWER-Anchorage
dependence
In cancer cells, this interferes with intercellular
connections and the responsiveness to membrane-derived
signals. This refers to: - ANSWER-Cell-to-cell
communication
Cancer cells tend to divide an infinite number of times,
thereby achieving immortality. This refers to: - ANSWER-
Unlimited life span
, 4|Page
While telomeres, the protective 'end-caps' on
chromosomes, typically shorten with each cell division,
most cancer cells keep high levels of _________, an
enzyme that prevents telomere shortening - ANSWER-
Telomerase
Cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or
antigens that are immunologically different from its normal
tissue counterpart. This refers to: - ANSWER-Antigen
expression
Cancer cells often revert to ______ patterns of gene
expression and therefore produce antigens far different
from the cells of the original tissue - ANSWER-embryonic
What is Chromosomal translocation? - ANSWER-the
unusual movement or rearrangement of a segment of
chromosomal DNA
In Burkitt lymphoma, the ______ proto-oncogene is
translocated from its normal position on chromosome 8 to
chromosome 14 - ANSWER-Myc
