MSN570 Advanced Pathophysiology Actual
Exam 2025/2026 | Verified Questions and 100% answers
with Rationales | Updated & Graded A+
Which of the following best describes the cellular
adaptation seen in chronic cigarette smokers?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
E. Dysplasia - ANSWER-D. Metaplasia
Hypokalemia is low potassium. Therefore hypokalemia is
defined as a serum level less than 3.5 mEq/L. It is often
caused by diuretics. Diabetic ketoacidosis does cause
hypokalemia. Potassium is shifted out of the cell in
,exchange for hydrogen and then excreted. The serum
level may remain within a normal range, but then when
insulin is administered, potassium is shifted back into the
cells and a deficit occurs. Potassium balance is especially
significant in the treatment of conditions requiring insulin
administration, such as insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (type 1). Dietary causes are uncommon.
Hypernatremia is defined as levels above:
a. 147 mEq/L
b. 5.5 mEq/L
c. 105 mEq/L
d. 8.5 mg/dl - ANSWER-a. 147 mEq/L
,Hypernatremia is defined as serum levels above 147
mEq/L. Hyperkalemia is defined as serum levels above
5.5 mEq/L, and hyperchloremia is defined as serum levels
above 105 mEq/L. Hypocalcemia occurs when serum
calcium concentrations are less than 8.5 mg/dl.
Which statement is true regarding magnesium?
a. Hypomagnesemia occurs with a concentration less
than 2.5 mEq/L.
b. Magnesium is a major extracellular cation.
c. Thirty percent is stored in the muscle and bone.
d. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include weakness and
depression. - ANSWER-d. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia
include weakness and depression.
, Symptoms of low magnesium include weakness, tetany,
increased reflexes, depression, ataxia, convulsions, and
irritability. Magnesium level is normal when between 1.8
and 2.4 mEq/L and is a major intracellular cation. Thirty
percent is stored in the cells, with 40% to 60% stored in
the bones and muscle.
Which statement describes acidemia?
a. State in which the pH of arterial blood is greater than
7.45
b. State in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35
c. Systemic decrease in hydrogen ion concentration
Exam 2025/2026 | Verified Questions and 100% answers
with Rationales | Updated & Graded A+
Which of the following best describes the cellular
adaptation seen in chronic cigarette smokers?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
E. Dysplasia - ANSWER-D. Metaplasia
Hypokalemia is low potassium. Therefore hypokalemia is
defined as a serum level less than 3.5 mEq/L. It is often
caused by diuretics. Diabetic ketoacidosis does cause
hypokalemia. Potassium is shifted out of the cell in
,exchange for hydrogen and then excreted. The serum
level may remain within a normal range, but then when
insulin is administered, potassium is shifted back into the
cells and a deficit occurs. Potassium balance is especially
significant in the treatment of conditions requiring insulin
administration, such as insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (type 1). Dietary causes are uncommon.
Hypernatremia is defined as levels above:
a. 147 mEq/L
b. 5.5 mEq/L
c. 105 mEq/L
d. 8.5 mg/dl - ANSWER-a. 147 mEq/L
,Hypernatremia is defined as serum levels above 147
mEq/L. Hyperkalemia is defined as serum levels above
5.5 mEq/L, and hyperchloremia is defined as serum levels
above 105 mEq/L. Hypocalcemia occurs when serum
calcium concentrations are less than 8.5 mg/dl.
Which statement is true regarding magnesium?
a. Hypomagnesemia occurs with a concentration less
than 2.5 mEq/L.
b. Magnesium is a major extracellular cation.
c. Thirty percent is stored in the muscle and bone.
d. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include weakness and
depression. - ANSWER-d. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia
include weakness and depression.
, Symptoms of low magnesium include weakness, tetany,
increased reflexes, depression, ataxia, convulsions, and
irritability. Magnesium level is normal when between 1.8
and 2.4 mEq/L and is a major intracellular cation. Thirty
percent is stored in the cells, with 40% to 60% stored in
the bones and muscle.
Which statement describes acidemia?
a. State in which the pH of arterial blood is greater than
7.45
b. State in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35
c. Systemic decrease in hydrogen ion concentration
