i
Biology for AP® Courses – Student Solution Manual
(OpenStax 2nd Edition, 2026) – OpenStax
Table of Contents – Part 1
1 | The Study of Life .............................................................................................................. 1
Review Questions ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
Critical Thinking Questions ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Test Prep for AP® Courses ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life ...................................................................................... 8
Review Questions ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Test Prep for AP® Courses ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Science Practice Challenge Questions ..................................................................................................................... 17
3 | Biological Macromolecules ............................................................................................. 23
Review Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 23
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Test Prep for AP® Courses ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Science Practice Challenge Questions ..................................................................................................................... 42
4 | Cell Structure ................................................................................................................. 52
Review Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 52
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 57
Test Prep for AP® Courses ....................................................................................................................................... 63
,ii Table of Contents – Part 1
Science Practice Challenge Questions ..................................................................................................................... 69
5 | Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes ............................................................... 76
Review Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 76
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 79
Test Prep for AP® Courses ....................................................................................................................................... 83
Science Practice Challenge Questions ..................................................................................................................... 89
6 | Metabolism ................................................................................................................... 92
Review Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 92
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 99
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................105
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................108
7 | Cellular Respiration...................................................................................................... 117
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................117
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................122
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................128
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................132
8 | Photosynthesis ............................................................................................................ 139
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................139
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................143
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................147
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................152
,Table of Contents – Part 1 iii
9 | Cell Communication ..................................................................................................... 158
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................158
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................162
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................167
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................170
10 | Cell Reproduction ...................................................................................................... 176
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................176
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................180
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................184
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................190
11 | Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction ............................................................................... 195
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................195
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................197
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................202
12 | Mendel's Experiments and Heredity ........................................................................... 205
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................205
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................210
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................213
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................216
13| Modern Understandings of Inheritance ....................................................................... 225
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................225
, iv Table of Contents – Part 1
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................227
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................229
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................233
14 | DNA Structure and Function ....................................................................................... 237
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................237
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................243
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................253
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................259
15 | Genes and Proteins .................................................................................................... 266
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................266
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................271
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................275
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................279
16 | Gene Regulation ........................................................................................................ 287
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................287
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................292
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................297
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................307
17 | Biotechnology and Genomics ..................................................................................... 308
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................308
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................314
Biology for AP® Courses – Student Solution Manual
(OpenStax 2nd Edition, 2026) – OpenStax
Table of Contents – Part 1
1 | The Study of Life .............................................................................................................. 1
Review Questions ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
Critical Thinking Questions ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Test Prep for AP® Courses ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life ...................................................................................... 8
Review Questions ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Test Prep for AP® Courses ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Science Practice Challenge Questions ..................................................................................................................... 17
3 | Biological Macromolecules ............................................................................................. 23
Review Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 23
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Test Prep for AP® Courses ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Science Practice Challenge Questions ..................................................................................................................... 42
4 | Cell Structure ................................................................................................................. 52
Review Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 52
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 57
Test Prep for AP® Courses ....................................................................................................................................... 63
,ii Table of Contents – Part 1
Science Practice Challenge Questions ..................................................................................................................... 69
5 | Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes ............................................................... 76
Review Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 76
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 79
Test Prep for AP® Courses ....................................................................................................................................... 83
Science Practice Challenge Questions ..................................................................................................................... 89
6 | Metabolism ................................................................................................................... 92
Review Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 92
Critical Thinking Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 99
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................105
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................108
7 | Cellular Respiration...................................................................................................... 117
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................117
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................122
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................128
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................132
8 | Photosynthesis ............................................................................................................ 139
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................139
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................143
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................147
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................152
,Table of Contents – Part 1 iii
9 | Cell Communication ..................................................................................................... 158
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................158
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................162
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................167
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................170
10 | Cell Reproduction ...................................................................................................... 176
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................176
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................180
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................184
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................190
11 | Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction ............................................................................... 195
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................195
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................197
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................202
12 | Mendel's Experiments and Heredity ........................................................................... 205
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................205
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................210
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................213
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................216
13| Modern Understandings of Inheritance ....................................................................... 225
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................225
, iv Table of Contents – Part 1
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................227
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................229
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................233
14 | DNA Structure and Function ....................................................................................... 237
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................237
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................243
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................253
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................259
15 | Genes and Proteins .................................................................................................... 266
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................266
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................271
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................275
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................279
16 | Gene Regulation ........................................................................................................ 287
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................287
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................292
Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................297
Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................307
17 | Biotechnology and Genomics ..................................................................................... 308
Review Questions ..................................................................................................................................................308
Critical Thinking Questions ....................................................................................................................................314
