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NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL THE BEST
Glomerulonephritis
The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-Ab complexes
- Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia,
immunologic responses, free radicals. SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus
Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation & deposition in glomerulus-
Activation of complement system & WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury & leakage-
Proteinuria/hematuria- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
OR
after glomerular injury & leakage- Coagulation cascade activation & FIbrin
deposition- Decreased capillary perfusion- decreased GFR- edema, increase creat,
azotemia, oliguria
S1
-Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
S2
- Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
Valvular stenosis
the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the forward flow of blood
and increasing the workload of the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased
valve. Intraventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to overcome
, 2
resistance to flow through the valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium
to work harder, causing myocardial hypertrophy.
Aortic stenosis
- LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
Mitral Stenosis
- LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
Stroke volume
The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
Cor Pulmonale
, 3
right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
Cardiac output
HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
Preload
The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
Afterload
The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Contractility
sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
Acetylcholine released from vagus nerve - inotrope
Cytokines released during sepsis impair contractility
O2 < 50% decreased contractility
Troponin
Relaxing protein
Troponin T- aids in binding the troponin complex to actin and tropomyosin
Troponin I- Inhibits the ATPhase of actomyosin
NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL THE BEST
Glomerulonephritis
The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-Ab complexes
- Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia,
immunologic responses, free radicals. SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus
Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation & deposition in glomerulus-
Activation of complement system & WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury & leakage-
Proteinuria/hematuria- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
OR
after glomerular injury & leakage- Coagulation cascade activation & FIbrin
deposition- Decreased capillary perfusion- decreased GFR- edema, increase creat,
azotemia, oliguria
S1
-Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
S2
- Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
Valvular stenosis
the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the forward flow of blood
and increasing the workload of the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased
valve. Intraventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to overcome
, 2
resistance to flow through the valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium
to work harder, causing myocardial hypertrophy.
Aortic stenosis
- LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
Mitral Stenosis
- LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
Stroke volume
The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
Cor Pulmonale
, 3
right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
Cardiac output
HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
Preload
The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
Afterload
The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Contractility
sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
Acetylcholine released from vagus nerve - inotrope
Cytokines released during sepsis impair contractility
O2 < 50% decreased contractility
Troponin
Relaxing protein
Troponin T- aids in binding the troponin complex to actin and tropomyosin
Troponin I- Inhibits the ATPhase of actomyosin
