NUR631 / NUR 631 FINAL EXAM | ADVANCED
PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
| QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
GRADE A – GCU | LATEST
Anaplasia - Correct Answer - - undifferentiated cells
- size and shape are variable
- numerous and atypical mitosis
- lack of tissue architecture
- characteristic of malignant tumors, not benign
Oncogene - Correct Answer - - arise from gain of function mutation of
proto-oncogene
- occurs with point mutation, chromosomal rearrangement, gene
amplification
- mutations are dominant
Autocrine Loop - Correct Answer - - cell doesn't need an outside signal
to make growth factor
- growth factor binds to its own cell surface receptor --> proliferation
Gene Amplification - Correct Answer - - multiple copies of active gene -->
overproduction of protein
Overexpression - Correct Answer - - one copy of active gene -->
overactive --> production of protein
,- can occur with gene translocation or promotor overexpression
Growth Factor Overexpression - Correct Answer - - HER2 in breast CA
Glioblastoma - Correct Answer - - Epidermal growth factor is
mutated/truncated --> constitutively active
RAS - Correct Answer - - proto oncogene constitutively activated in most
colon CA and pancreatic CA
- proto-oncogene activated by growth factors --> signal MAPK pathway
--> mitosis
- most common abnormality in human CA
ABL - Correct Answer - - proto-oncogene Tyr kinase that normally
causes apoptosis
- chromosomal translocation --> chromosome philadelphia --> fuses with
BCR --> stays in nucleus --> uncontrolled mitosis
- causes chronic myeloid leukemia
- treated with Gleevec
MYC - Correct Answer - - transcription factor
- most commonly involved in human CA
Burkitt Lymphoma - Correct Answer - - chromosomal translocation of
MYC transcription factor --> overexpression of MYC transcription factor
--> active promoter --> too much Ig
Neuroblastoma - Correct Answer - - gene amplification of MYC
transcription factor --> most severe type of neuroblastoma
,- pediatric tumor
Epigenetics - Correct Answer - - mutations that leave DNA unchanged
- introduce changes like methylations to DNA --> not recognized by
transcription factors
Tumor Suppressor Genes - Correct Answer - - mutations are recessive
- cause familial cancers commonly
Retinoblastoma - Correct Answer - - tumor-suppressor gene
- expressed in all cells
- when hypophosphorylated, controls G1-S checkpoint
- causes tumor in the retina
APC - Correct Answer - - tumor suppressor gene
- binds to B-catenin in absence of WNT and prevents cell proliferation
- associated with colonic polyps
p53 - Correct Answer - - tumor suppressor gene
- detects cellular stress and induces apoptosis and DNA repair
- mutations cause dominant Li-Fraumeni disease --> at risk for lots of
cancer
Dominant negative mutant - Correct Answer - - only one gene is mutated
but it binds to the wild-type and there is loss of function
- passed along as a dominant mutation
, Gain of function mutant - Correct Answer - - only one gene is mutated
but it binds to a completely different gene and stimulates cell proliferation
BRCA1 - Correct Answer - - tumor suppressor gene that induces DNA
repair
- mutation causes risk of breast CA and ovarian CA
BRCA2 - Correct Answer - - tumor suppressor gene that induces DNA
repair
- mutation causes risk of breast CA in males and females
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal CA - Correct Answer - - defects in
DNA mismatch repair
- causes colon CA without polyps
Xeroderma Pigmentosum - Correct Answer - - defect in nucleotide
excision repair that removes UV cross linked residues
ALK - Correct Answer - - proto oncogene that when mutated causes
familial neuroblastoma
- induces dominant inheritance with limited penetrance
- only located in neuronal cells
MicroRNA - Correct Answer - - don't code for protein but bind to RNA
- can be oncogenic that target tumor suppressor genes
- can be tumor suppressor that bind oncogenes
PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
| QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
GRADE A – GCU | LATEST
Anaplasia - Correct Answer - - undifferentiated cells
- size and shape are variable
- numerous and atypical mitosis
- lack of tissue architecture
- characteristic of malignant tumors, not benign
Oncogene - Correct Answer - - arise from gain of function mutation of
proto-oncogene
- occurs with point mutation, chromosomal rearrangement, gene
amplification
- mutations are dominant
Autocrine Loop - Correct Answer - - cell doesn't need an outside signal
to make growth factor
- growth factor binds to its own cell surface receptor --> proliferation
Gene Amplification - Correct Answer - - multiple copies of active gene -->
overproduction of protein
Overexpression - Correct Answer - - one copy of active gene -->
overactive --> production of protein
,- can occur with gene translocation or promotor overexpression
Growth Factor Overexpression - Correct Answer - - HER2 in breast CA
Glioblastoma - Correct Answer - - Epidermal growth factor is
mutated/truncated --> constitutively active
RAS - Correct Answer - - proto oncogene constitutively activated in most
colon CA and pancreatic CA
- proto-oncogene activated by growth factors --> signal MAPK pathway
--> mitosis
- most common abnormality in human CA
ABL - Correct Answer - - proto-oncogene Tyr kinase that normally
causes apoptosis
- chromosomal translocation --> chromosome philadelphia --> fuses with
BCR --> stays in nucleus --> uncontrolled mitosis
- causes chronic myeloid leukemia
- treated with Gleevec
MYC - Correct Answer - - transcription factor
- most commonly involved in human CA
Burkitt Lymphoma - Correct Answer - - chromosomal translocation of
MYC transcription factor --> overexpression of MYC transcription factor
--> active promoter --> too much Ig
Neuroblastoma - Correct Answer - - gene amplification of MYC
transcription factor --> most severe type of neuroblastoma
,- pediatric tumor
Epigenetics - Correct Answer - - mutations that leave DNA unchanged
- introduce changes like methylations to DNA --> not recognized by
transcription factors
Tumor Suppressor Genes - Correct Answer - - mutations are recessive
- cause familial cancers commonly
Retinoblastoma - Correct Answer - - tumor-suppressor gene
- expressed in all cells
- when hypophosphorylated, controls G1-S checkpoint
- causes tumor in the retina
APC - Correct Answer - - tumor suppressor gene
- binds to B-catenin in absence of WNT and prevents cell proliferation
- associated with colonic polyps
p53 - Correct Answer - - tumor suppressor gene
- detects cellular stress and induces apoptosis and DNA repair
- mutations cause dominant Li-Fraumeni disease --> at risk for lots of
cancer
Dominant negative mutant - Correct Answer - - only one gene is mutated
but it binds to the wild-type and there is loss of function
- passed along as a dominant mutation
, Gain of function mutant - Correct Answer - - only one gene is mutated
but it binds to a completely different gene and stimulates cell proliferation
BRCA1 - Correct Answer - - tumor suppressor gene that induces DNA
repair
- mutation causes risk of breast CA and ovarian CA
BRCA2 - Correct Answer - - tumor suppressor gene that induces DNA
repair
- mutation causes risk of breast CA in males and females
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal CA - Correct Answer - - defects in
DNA mismatch repair
- causes colon CA without polyps
Xeroderma Pigmentosum - Correct Answer - - defect in nucleotide
excision repair that removes UV cross linked residues
ALK - Correct Answer - - proto oncogene that when mutated causes
familial neuroblastoma
- induces dominant inheritance with limited penetrance
- only located in neuronal cells
MicroRNA - Correct Answer - - don't code for protein but bind to RNA
- can be oncogenic that target tumor suppressor genes
- can be tumor suppressor that bind oncogenes
