BIOS 256 FINAL EXAM PRACTICE TEST COMBINED
WIITH EXAM TEST STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS NEW MODIFIED
CURRENTLY TESTED AND APPROVED GRADED A+
2026 LATEST UPGRADE
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is a buffer system, and what are the different buffer systems in the human
body?
-Any mechanism that resists changes in pH
-Convert strong acids or bases to weak ones
-Buffer systems include:
-Proteins
-Hemoglobin
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,-Phosphates
-Bicarbonate ions
Physiological Buffers:
-Respiratory System
-Urinary System
Chemical Buffers:
-Bicarbonate Buffer System
-Phosphate Buffer System
-Protein Buffer System
Define pH and what it measures in a solution.
-pH stands for "potential of hydrogen"
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,-measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
How do the kidneys contribute to acid-base balance through the excretion of
H+?
By excreting hydrogen ions (H+) in the urine, the kidneys remove excess acids
from the body.
What are the causes of respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic
acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis?
-Respiratory acidosis: Occurs when rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep
pace with the body’s rate of CO2 production; Carbon dioxide accumulates in
the ECF and lowers its pH; Occurs in emphysema where there is a severe
reduction of functional alveoli.
-Respiratory alkalosis: Results from hyperventilation; CO2 eliminated faster
than it is produced
-Metabolic acidosis results from increased organic acids (e.g., lactic acid in
anaerobic fermentation, ketone bodies in alcoholism, diabetes), excessive acidic
drugs (aspirin), loss of base (chronic diarrhea, laxatives), or in dying
individuals.
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, -Metabolic alkalosis is rare, caused by overuse of bicarbonates (oral antacids,
IV solutions) or loss of stomach acid (chronic vomiting).
What are the compensatory mechanisms for respiratory acidosis, respiratory
alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis?
-Respiratory Acidosis Compensation: The kidneys increase bicarbonate
(HCO₃⁻) reabsorption to neutralize excess CO₂.
-Respiratory Alkalosis Compensation: The kidneys decrease bicarbonate
reabsorption, helping to lower blood pH by retaining more acidity.
-Metabolic Acidosis Compensation: The respiratory system increases breathing
rate to expel CO₂, reducing acidity and raising pH.
-Metabolic Alkalosis Compensation: The respiratory system may slow down,
increasing CO₂ retention to decrease pH, and kidneys may excrete more
bicarbonate.
Page 4 of 65
WIITH EXAM TEST STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS NEW MODIFIED
CURRENTLY TESTED AND APPROVED GRADED A+
2026 LATEST UPGRADE
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is a buffer system, and what are the different buffer systems in the human
body?
-Any mechanism that resists changes in pH
-Convert strong acids or bases to weak ones
-Buffer systems include:
-Proteins
-Hemoglobin
Page 1 of 65
,-Phosphates
-Bicarbonate ions
Physiological Buffers:
-Respiratory System
-Urinary System
Chemical Buffers:
-Bicarbonate Buffer System
-Phosphate Buffer System
-Protein Buffer System
Define pH and what it measures in a solution.
-pH stands for "potential of hydrogen"
Page 2 of 65
,-measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
How do the kidneys contribute to acid-base balance through the excretion of
H+?
By excreting hydrogen ions (H+) in the urine, the kidneys remove excess acids
from the body.
What are the causes of respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic
acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis?
-Respiratory acidosis: Occurs when rate of alveolar ventilation fails to keep
pace with the body’s rate of CO2 production; Carbon dioxide accumulates in
the ECF and lowers its pH; Occurs in emphysema where there is a severe
reduction of functional alveoli.
-Respiratory alkalosis: Results from hyperventilation; CO2 eliminated faster
than it is produced
-Metabolic acidosis results from increased organic acids (e.g., lactic acid in
anaerobic fermentation, ketone bodies in alcoholism, diabetes), excessive acidic
drugs (aspirin), loss of base (chronic diarrhea, laxatives), or in dying
individuals.
Page 3 of 65
, -Metabolic alkalosis is rare, caused by overuse of bicarbonates (oral antacids,
IV solutions) or loss of stomach acid (chronic vomiting).
What are the compensatory mechanisms for respiratory acidosis, respiratory
alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis?
-Respiratory Acidosis Compensation: The kidneys increase bicarbonate
(HCO₃⁻) reabsorption to neutralize excess CO₂.
-Respiratory Alkalosis Compensation: The kidneys decrease bicarbonate
reabsorption, helping to lower blood pH by retaining more acidity.
-Metabolic Acidosis Compensation: The respiratory system increases breathing
rate to expel CO₂, reducing acidity and raising pH.
-Metabolic Alkalosis Compensation: The respiratory system may slow down,
increasing CO₂ retention to decrease pH, and kidneys may excrete more
bicarbonate.
Page 4 of 65
