PSYCH 302 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Between-subjects design - ANSWER-two or more groups of subjects and compare
data between them
within-subjects design - ANSWER-same subjects for both measures
congruency sequence effect - ANSWER-congruency effect is smaller after
incongruent trials compared to congruent ones
selection for action - ANSWER-shift attention to relevant target
response inhibition - ANSWER-inhibit response triggered by distractor
Mayr et al. - ANSWER-2-AFC flanker test. Repetitive arrows stimuli (presented at the
same time). Controlled for repetition by alternating between up/down and left/right
trials. Believed feature repetitions are what lead to the CSE (episodic memory).
Thought repetition priming (on cC and iI trials) drives the CSE
Ullsperger et al. - ANSWER-9-AFC digit flanker task. Create large stimulus set in
order to control for feature repetitions. Created contingency learning bias.
Kunde and Wuhr - ANSWER-4-AFC prime probe task. Left right up down arrows.
Created mental rotation confound.
Schmidt and Weissman - ANSWER-4-AFC task. Prime probe word task. up-down
versus left-right.
descriptive study - ANSWER-describe some aspect of the state of the world (ex.
what elements make up jupiter?)
correlative (comparative) study - ANSWER-compare to groups control version
experimental. Can't usually completely randomize because of ethics (ex. smoker vs
non-smoker)
True experiments - ANSWER-randomization of subjects into different groups.
Independent variable is manipulated
Botvinick et al. - ANSWER-ACC function. 2 ideas about angular cingulate cortex role
in regulating attention, conflict monitoring or selection for action. Conflict monitoring
theory: the ACC activates the prefrontal cortex which leads to increased attention,
ACC activation would be higher during most conflict, on congruent-incongruent trials,
the authors' hypothesis. Selection for action theory: activation in the ACC directly
increases attention, ACC activation higher on incongruent-incongruent trials. Results
support conflict monitoring theory. Authors concluded that the role of the ACC is
conflict detection
, Main effect - ANSWER-differences between conditions; performance varies with
level of factor. Effect of a single variable on a dependent variable, ignoring all
independent variables
Interaction(s) - ANSWER-Independent variables impact each other to change effects
on dependent variables. Effects of one condition impact the effect of the other
condition; unparallel lines on graph. Can have cross over interaction with no main
effects. Assess whether the different conditions for an independent variable produce
results that are different depending on what condition you consider for a second
independent variable; difference
of differences
Structural MRI - ANSWER-study brain anatomy
functional MRI - ANSWER-study brain function
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) - ANSWER-MRI-based method for examining axon
tracts that form the white matter of the brain. Measures the density and motion of
water that travels along myelin-covered axons. Water normally diffuses in all
directions, but diffusion along myelinated axons is limited
BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) signal - ANSWER-Increased neural activity
increased blood flow surplus of freshly oxygenated blood oxygen/deoxyhemoglobin
ratio increasesincreased BOLD signal
What were the main effects of our experiment? - ANSWER-previous congruency or
incongruency, current congruency or incongruency
Simple effects - ANSWER-Effect of an independent variable at a single level of
another
Blocked design - ANSWER-
Event-related design - ANSWER-
What causes the initial undershoot in BOLD responses? - ANSWER-
Linearity assumption - ANSWER-Sync each trial response to start of trial. Because
of difference in when "snapshots" are taken
Rostral - ANSWER-towards the nose (front)
Caudal - ANSWER-towards the tail (back)
Ventral - ANSWER-towards abdominal (down)
Dorsal - ANSWER-towards the head or back (top)
Lateral - ANSWER-away (out form center)
ANSWERS
Between-subjects design - ANSWER-two or more groups of subjects and compare
data between them
within-subjects design - ANSWER-same subjects for both measures
congruency sequence effect - ANSWER-congruency effect is smaller after
incongruent trials compared to congruent ones
selection for action - ANSWER-shift attention to relevant target
response inhibition - ANSWER-inhibit response triggered by distractor
Mayr et al. - ANSWER-2-AFC flanker test. Repetitive arrows stimuli (presented at the
same time). Controlled for repetition by alternating between up/down and left/right
trials. Believed feature repetitions are what lead to the CSE (episodic memory).
Thought repetition priming (on cC and iI trials) drives the CSE
Ullsperger et al. - ANSWER-9-AFC digit flanker task. Create large stimulus set in
order to control for feature repetitions. Created contingency learning bias.
Kunde and Wuhr - ANSWER-4-AFC prime probe task. Left right up down arrows.
Created mental rotation confound.
Schmidt and Weissman - ANSWER-4-AFC task. Prime probe word task. up-down
versus left-right.
descriptive study - ANSWER-describe some aspect of the state of the world (ex.
what elements make up jupiter?)
correlative (comparative) study - ANSWER-compare to groups control version
experimental. Can't usually completely randomize because of ethics (ex. smoker vs
non-smoker)
True experiments - ANSWER-randomization of subjects into different groups.
Independent variable is manipulated
Botvinick et al. - ANSWER-ACC function. 2 ideas about angular cingulate cortex role
in regulating attention, conflict monitoring or selection for action. Conflict monitoring
theory: the ACC activates the prefrontal cortex which leads to increased attention,
ACC activation would be higher during most conflict, on congruent-incongruent trials,
the authors' hypothesis. Selection for action theory: activation in the ACC directly
increases attention, ACC activation higher on incongruent-incongruent trials. Results
support conflict monitoring theory. Authors concluded that the role of the ACC is
conflict detection
, Main effect - ANSWER-differences between conditions; performance varies with
level of factor. Effect of a single variable on a dependent variable, ignoring all
independent variables
Interaction(s) - ANSWER-Independent variables impact each other to change effects
on dependent variables. Effects of one condition impact the effect of the other
condition; unparallel lines on graph. Can have cross over interaction with no main
effects. Assess whether the different conditions for an independent variable produce
results that are different depending on what condition you consider for a second
independent variable; difference
of differences
Structural MRI - ANSWER-study brain anatomy
functional MRI - ANSWER-study brain function
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) - ANSWER-MRI-based method for examining axon
tracts that form the white matter of the brain. Measures the density and motion of
water that travels along myelin-covered axons. Water normally diffuses in all
directions, but diffusion along myelinated axons is limited
BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) signal - ANSWER-Increased neural activity
increased blood flow surplus of freshly oxygenated blood oxygen/deoxyhemoglobin
ratio increasesincreased BOLD signal
What were the main effects of our experiment? - ANSWER-previous congruency or
incongruency, current congruency or incongruency
Simple effects - ANSWER-Effect of an independent variable at a single level of
another
Blocked design - ANSWER-
Event-related design - ANSWER-
What causes the initial undershoot in BOLD responses? - ANSWER-
Linearity assumption - ANSWER-Sync each trial response to start of trial. Because
of difference in when "snapshots" are taken
Rostral - ANSWER-towards the nose (front)
Caudal - ANSWER-towards the tail (back)
Ventral - ANSWER-towards abdominal (down)
Dorsal - ANSWER-towards the head or back (top)
Lateral - ANSWER-away (out form center)
