PSYCH 302 FINAL WVU QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
impulsivity - ANSWER-choice for a smaller more immediate reinforcer over a larger,
delayed reinforcer
what is the three-term contingency? - ANSWER-S^D : r -> S^R
The process by which the consequence (reinforcer or punisher) is contingent on the
occurrence of behavior only in the presence of the specific antecedent stimulus
called the SD.
R - ANSWER-operant response class, set of responses with similar enviro
consequences
S^R+ - ANSWER-positively reinforcing consequence
S^R- (S^PUN) - ANSWER-negatively reinforcing sequence
discriminative stimulus - ANSWER-stimulus where a particular behavior can be
reinforced
S^D
response emitted not elicited
S^D - ANSWER-is a stimulus, in the presence of which, a particular operant can be
reinforced.
S^delta - ANSWER-a stimulus in the presence of which a behavior will not be
reinforced
Discrimination - ANSWER-different responding in the presence of different stimuli
take time to be learned
examples of stimulus discrimination - ANSWER-- S+ (S^D) accompanies VI
- S- (S^delta) accompanies EXT
- differential reinforcement
gernealization - ANSWER-similar responding in the presence of different stimuli
concept formation - ANSWER-involves discrimination between and generalization
within classes of stimuli
generalization gradient - ANSWER-a graph that shows responding in the presence
of different stimuli
provides info about the degree of stimulus control in a particular situation
,does not tell what subject CAN discriminate
complete generalization on gradients - ANSWER-produce a flat gradient
poor stimulus control
complete discrimination on gradients - ANSWER-produce a sharp peak at training
stimulus
strong stimulus control
excitatory stimulus generalization gradient - ANSWER-reinforcing a response in the
presence of S+ leads the stim to evoke a response
These functions of S+ generalize to similar stimuli
inhibitory stimulus generalization gradient - ANSWER-negative contingency between
S- and reinforcement leads to inhibition of a response
these functions of S- generalize to similar stim
intradimensional discrimination training - ANSWER-S- falls on same dimension as
S+
-/+ may differ in terms of
color, pitch, brightness, loudness
peak shift - ANSWER-intradimensional stimuli used as -/+
peak of gen gradient shifts from S^D to S^delta
fading - ANSWER-the process of gradually withdrawing the intensity of a stimulus
errorless discrimination - ANSWER-Teaching Discrimination with few or no errors.
Ex: Fading in S-delta (incorrect stimulus) -or- superimposing a new set of stimuli on
an already learned discrimination then fading out the already learned stimuli
critical procedural detail - ANSWER-intradimensional training allow results in peak
shift in generalization gradients
by-products of disctimination - ANSWER-extinction induced aggression
can be avoided by fading
conditional discrimination - ANSWER-the effect of one stim depends upon the
presence of another
a stim sets occasion for responding ONLY if another stim is present
, examples of conditional discrimination - ANSWER-Example: monkey pressing lever
Tone on:
Red: leverpress->raisin
Green: leverpress->nothing
Tone off:
Red: leverpress->nothing
Green: leverpress->raisin
What red and green "signal" depend on the tone
matching to sample - ANSWER-based on conditional discrimination; responses
match sample stim to get reinforcer
identity MTS - ANSWER-direct physical relation between the sample and correct
comparison
Oddity MTS - ANSWER-responses to the comparison stimulus that does not match
the sample are reinforced.
arbitrary (symbolic) MTS - ANSWER-relationship btwn the correct comparison and
the sample not based on physical similarity of stim
delayed MTS - ANSWER-involves conditional discrimination in which the
reinforcement of responding in the presence of a given stim depends on other stim
to choose correct comparison, subject must remember sample stim
memory - ANSWER-a situation which a response is controlled by a stim that is no
longer present
stimulus equivalence tests - ANSWER-research on this topic uses arbitrary MTS
procedures ( ex. real pic of dog, cartoon dog, the word dog)
reflexivity - ANSWER-If a=a, then a=a
symmetry - ANSWER-if a=b then b=a
transitivity - ANSWER-If a=b and b=c, then a=c
symmetrical transitivity - ANSWER-like transitivity but the relation can be applied
backwards
stimulus equivalence and language - ANSWER-only seen in verbal humans
VB (verbal behavior) - ANSWER-socially mediated operant behavior
not just vocal, includes writing, reading, and gestures of sign language
audience - ANSWER-discriminative stim in where VB is characteristically reinforced
AND ANSWERS
impulsivity - ANSWER-choice for a smaller more immediate reinforcer over a larger,
delayed reinforcer
what is the three-term contingency? - ANSWER-S^D : r -> S^R
The process by which the consequence (reinforcer or punisher) is contingent on the
occurrence of behavior only in the presence of the specific antecedent stimulus
called the SD.
R - ANSWER-operant response class, set of responses with similar enviro
consequences
S^R+ - ANSWER-positively reinforcing consequence
S^R- (S^PUN) - ANSWER-negatively reinforcing sequence
discriminative stimulus - ANSWER-stimulus where a particular behavior can be
reinforced
S^D
response emitted not elicited
S^D - ANSWER-is a stimulus, in the presence of which, a particular operant can be
reinforced.
S^delta - ANSWER-a stimulus in the presence of which a behavior will not be
reinforced
Discrimination - ANSWER-different responding in the presence of different stimuli
take time to be learned
examples of stimulus discrimination - ANSWER-- S+ (S^D) accompanies VI
- S- (S^delta) accompanies EXT
- differential reinforcement
gernealization - ANSWER-similar responding in the presence of different stimuli
concept formation - ANSWER-involves discrimination between and generalization
within classes of stimuli
generalization gradient - ANSWER-a graph that shows responding in the presence
of different stimuli
provides info about the degree of stimulus control in a particular situation
,does not tell what subject CAN discriminate
complete generalization on gradients - ANSWER-produce a flat gradient
poor stimulus control
complete discrimination on gradients - ANSWER-produce a sharp peak at training
stimulus
strong stimulus control
excitatory stimulus generalization gradient - ANSWER-reinforcing a response in the
presence of S+ leads the stim to evoke a response
These functions of S+ generalize to similar stimuli
inhibitory stimulus generalization gradient - ANSWER-negative contingency between
S- and reinforcement leads to inhibition of a response
these functions of S- generalize to similar stim
intradimensional discrimination training - ANSWER-S- falls on same dimension as
S+
-/+ may differ in terms of
color, pitch, brightness, loudness
peak shift - ANSWER-intradimensional stimuli used as -/+
peak of gen gradient shifts from S^D to S^delta
fading - ANSWER-the process of gradually withdrawing the intensity of a stimulus
errorless discrimination - ANSWER-Teaching Discrimination with few or no errors.
Ex: Fading in S-delta (incorrect stimulus) -or- superimposing a new set of stimuli on
an already learned discrimination then fading out the already learned stimuli
critical procedural detail - ANSWER-intradimensional training allow results in peak
shift in generalization gradients
by-products of disctimination - ANSWER-extinction induced aggression
can be avoided by fading
conditional discrimination - ANSWER-the effect of one stim depends upon the
presence of another
a stim sets occasion for responding ONLY if another stim is present
, examples of conditional discrimination - ANSWER-Example: monkey pressing lever
Tone on:
Red: leverpress->raisin
Green: leverpress->nothing
Tone off:
Red: leverpress->nothing
Green: leverpress->raisin
What red and green "signal" depend on the tone
matching to sample - ANSWER-based on conditional discrimination; responses
match sample stim to get reinforcer
identity MTS - ANSWER-direct physical relation between the sample and correct
comparison
Oddity MTS - ANSWER-responses to the comparison stimulus that does not match
the sample are reinforced.
arbitrary (symbolic) MTS - ANSWER-relationship btwn the correct comparison and
the sample not based on physical similarity of stim
delayed MTS - ANSWER-involves conditional discrimination in which the
reinforcement of responding in the presence of a given stim depends on other stim
to choose correct comparison, subject must remember sample stim
memory - ANSWER-a situation which a response is controlled by a stim that is no
longer present
stimulus equivalence tests - ANSWER-research on this topic uses arbitrary MTS
procedures ( ex. real pic of dog, cartoon dog, the word dog)
reflexivity - ANSWER-If a=a, then a=a
symmetry - ANSWER-if a=b then b=a
transitivity - ANSWER-If a=b and b=c, then a=c
symmetrical transitivity - ANSWER-like transitivity but the relation can be applied
backwards
stimulus equivalence and language - ANSWER-only seen in verbal humans
VB (verbal behavior) - ANSWER-socially mediated operant behavior
not just vocal, includes writing, reading, and gestures of sign language
audience - ANSWER-discriminative stim in where VB is characteristically reinforced
