PSYCH 302 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PSYCH 302 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Qualitative approach focus - ANSWER-Less on how representative sample is, more on how informative it is. Ground-up theory. Quantitative approach focus - ANSWER-how representative their sample is, using mathematical theory and knowledge about probability. Non probability sampling - ANSWER-Haphazard sampling, quota sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling Haphazard sampling - ANSWER-selecting cases one simply comes across - produces a convenience sample. Ex: news reporter may stop and interview a student walking on campus - does this mean what the student says represents the entire student body believes? Quota sampling - ANSWER-if you know diversity of a population on several categories, determine number of cases for each category and haphazardly select cases until you meet your quota. Ex: UMKC is 30% 1st year, 25% 2nd year, 25% 3rd year, 20% 4th year. How many should she interview from each group to reach 20 students? (6 first, 5 second, 5 third, 4 fourth) Purposive sampling - ANSWER-used to select cases that a researcher knows will be informative. Useful for exploratory and field research, combines multiple methods of contacting and selecting cases. Ex: if you wish to study street vendors you would not have a list of these individuals so you have to ask local pedestrians or police where you can find them, and ask vendor to get you in contact with other vendors Snowball sampling - ANSWER-Network sampling, ask for references to other cases. Ex: ask street vendors of other vendors, include elements of population that you want to study Theoretical sampling - ANSWER-Sampling changes and is guided by the motivation to theoretically explain data one has observed (ground-up-theory). Ex: Education psychologist - days with full attendance, students are more disruptive. Decided to explore whether class disruption is related to perceptions of anonymity. Probability Sampling - ANSWER-Simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, multi-stage sampling. Simple random sampling - ANSWER-Assign every element in sampling frame a unique number from 1-N and draw n random numbers (with or without replacement). Produces a statistically efficient sample. Systematic sampling - ANSWER-draw random number, then add by random number, and stop when you get to desired sample size Stratified sampling - ANSWER-divide population into different groups and select samples randomly from within groups. Stratified sampling is equivalent to what non probability sampling technique? - ANSWER-Quota Cluster sampling - ANSWER-Random clusters within population are selected, then every person/element within selected cluster is interviewed/studied Multi-stage - ANSWER-involves drawing a sample in series of stages Sampling error - ANSWER-refers to difference between the random sample and the population based on random processes Confidence intervals - ANSWER-range of values, higher and lower than the values you found in your sample. Somewhere within this range, can say you feel 95% confident true value of the population is within that range Sampling ratio - ANSWER-sample size/target population Sampling frame - ANSWER-an approximate list of all elements in a population Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims? - ANSWER-The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique. For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study hamster owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique? - ANSWER-He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants. Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following? - ANSWER-Self-selection When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask? - ANSWER-How was the sample collected? Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Refer to Research Study 7.1 to answer the following question. In the above scenario, 43 of 50 Introduction to Neuroscience students and