HCA 202 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔What is veralance? - ✔✔Doing anything that causes death or severe disease
✔✔What is infectivity? - ✔✔if you are exposed how likely are you to get infected
✔✔What is pathogenicity? - ✔✔if you are infected how likely are you to get sick with it
✔✔What is attack rate synonymous with? - ✔✔Outbreak of Michigan, Outbreak of
Hepatitis, attack rate means incidence or new cases
✔✔What does prevalence mean? - ✔✔total of cases
✔✔What is secular trend? - ✔✔the change over time (changes of obesity, or people
smoking cigarettes)
✔✔What is age effect? - ✔✔present when disease varies by age, regardless of birth
cohort
reflects biological, social, and psychological changes that influence one's susceptibility
to disease
✔✔What is Cohort Effect? - ✔✔present when disease rate varies by year of birth,
regardless of age (secular trend)
long term pattern of disease by a systematic change in age specific rates over time
✔✔What is period effect? - ✔✔present when disease rate varies by period (calendar
time), regardless of birth cohort
disease rate uniformly affect all age groups in the same direction and the same amount
✔✔What does epidemiology study ? Individuals or groups of people? - ✔✔groups of
people, we get data from individual people but we study as a group
✔✔Does epidemiological data always translate down to the individual? - ✔✔No, for
example even though smokers are most likely to get lung cancer than those who don't
smoke, some individuals who don't smoke are likely to get lung cancer there is no 100%
in epidemiology
✔✔T/F He or she says, "Oh my goodness, people with silver cars have more accidents
than any other car" - ✔✔False, having a silver car doesn't matter, we don't know the
rate per 100,000 silver cars versus per other color cars
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔What is veralance? - ✔✔Doing anything that causes death or severe disease
✔✔What is infectivity? - ✔✔if you are exposed how likely are you to get infected
✔✔What is pathogenicity? - ✔✔if you are infected how likely are you to get sick with it
✔✔What is attack rate synonymous with? - ✔✔Outbreak of Michigan, Outbreak of
Hepatitis, attack rate means incidence or new cases
✔✔What does prevalence mean? - ✔✔total of cases
✔✔What is secular trend? - ✔✔the change over time (changes of obesity, or people
smoking cigarettes)
✔✔What is age effect? - ✔✔present when disease varies by age, regardless of birth
cohort
reflects biological, social, and psychological changes that influence one's susceptibility
to disease
✔✔What is Cohort Effect? - ✔✔present when disease rate varies by year of birth,
regardless of age (secular trend)
long term pattern of disease by a systematic change in age specific rates over time
✔✔What is period effect? - ✔✔present when disease rate varies by period (calendar
time), regardless of birth cohort
disease rate uniformly affect all age groups in the same direction and the same amount
✔✔What does epidemiology study ? Individuals or groups of people? - ✔✔groups of
people, we get data from individual people but we study as a group
✔✔Does epidemiological data always translate down to the individual? - ✔✔No, for
example even though smokers are most likely to get lung cancer than those who don't
smoke, some individuals who don't smoke are likely to get lung cancer there is no 100%
in epidemiology
✔✔T/F He or she says, "Oh my goodness, people with silver cars have more accidents
than any other car" - ✔✔False, having a silver car doesn't matter, we don't know the
rate per 100,000 silver cars versus per other color cars
