ACBIS EXAM 142
QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS NEW
UPDATE.
Open Traumatic Impact Injury (Penetrating) - ANS/Skull Fracture/meninges
breach
Injury Classification: Primarily Focal
Injury Patho-physiology: epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas,
intracerebral-hemorrhage, infections
Injury Causes: Gunshot, stabbing, falls, vehicular accidents, sports
accidents
Traumatic Inertial Injuries - ANS/non-impact/non-contact injuries and
result from inertial forces. (Brain moves within skull). Linear acceleration-
deceleration can result in coup-countercoup injuries. Rotational or angular
forces are added to the equation, diffuse axonal injury results.
Traumatic Inertial Injuries Classifcations - ANS/Primary Mechanism of
Injury: rotational/angular forces or acceleration/deceleration forces
Injury Classification: Primarily Diffuse (Multifocal)
Injury Patho-physiology: diffuse axonal injury, white matter lesions,
hemorrhage
,Injury Causes: Falls, automobile accidents, sports related accidents
Non-Traumatic (Internal Insult) - ANS/Primary Injury Mechanism: Sever
reductions in blood flow, hemorrhage due to clotting
Injury Classification: Focal or diffuse
Injury Patho-physiology: white matter lesions, hemorrhage
Injury Causes: stroke, neurotoxic poisoning, hypoxia/anoxia, ischemia,
infections, tumors
A person with a brain injury is at risk for developing significant disability
for 3 reasons: - ANS/1. Limited awareness and understanding of brain
injuries
2. Brain injuries are frequently not identified
3. Treatment not always readily available.
Costs to Society of brain injuries - ANS/$76.5 billion annually
How are brain injuries classified? - ANS/Etiology (cause) of primary injury
Acquired brain injury - ANS/injury to the brain that is not hereditary,
congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ANS/an alteration in brain function, or other
evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force
2 primary mechanisms of TBI - ANS/involving impact to the head and
inertial forces that affect the brain
Traumatic impact Injuries Result From... - ANS/result from contact: either
the head is struck by or against an object
, 2 Sub categories of Traumatic Impact Injuries - ANS/Open and Closed
Closed Traumatic Impact Injury (non-penetrating) - ANS/Injury
Classification: focal or diffuse
Injury Patho-physiology: Brain contusions, Brain Lacerations,
Intracerebral-Hemorrhage, Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
Injury Causes: Blast related, assaults, falls, vehicular accidents, sports
accidents
Secondary Injury - ANS/happens after the primary injury, is the cascade of
pathophysiological events. Second injury presents the possibility of injury
attenuation.
Only means to address the impact of a Primary Injury - ANS/prevention
Secondary Injury Cascade Phase 1 - ANS/-Impaired Blood Flow
-Tissue Damage
-Metabolic Imbalance
-Membrane Permeability
Secondary Injury Cascade Phase 2 - ANS/-Axonal terminal depolarization
-intracellular breakdown
-apoptosis
-release of excitatory NT
-Free radical Generation
-Necrosis
--Ultimately all leading to cell death
Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury - ANS/Falls
Assaults
QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS NEW
UPDATE.
Open Traumatic Impact Injury (Penetrating) - ANS/Skull Fracture/meninges
breach
Injury Classification: Primarily Focal
Injury Patho-physiology: epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas,
intracerebral-hemorrhage, infections
Injury Causes: Gunshot, stabbing, falls, vehicular accidents, sports
accidents
Traumatic Inertial Injuries - ANS/non-impact/non-contact injuries and
result from inertial forces. (Brain moves within skull). Linear acceleration-
deceleration can result in coup-countercoup injuries. Rotational or angular
forces are added to the equation, diffuse axonal injury results.
Traumatic Inertial Injuries Classifcations - ANS/Primary Mechanism of
Injury: rotational/angular forces or acceleration/deceleration forces
Injury Classification: Primarily Diffuse (Multifocal)
Injury Patho-physiology: diffuse axonal injury, white matter lesions,
hemorrhage
,Injury Causes: Falls, automobile accidents, sports related accidents
Non-Traumatic (Internal Insult) - ANS/Primary Injury Mechanism: Sever
reductions in blood flow, hemorrhage due to clotting
Injury Classification: Focal or diffuse
Injury Patho-physiology: white matter lesions, hemorrhage
Injury Causes: stroke, neurotoxic poisoning, hypoxia/anoxia, ischemia,
infections, tumors
A person with a brain injury is at risk for developing significant disability
for 3 reasons: - ANS/1. Limited awareness and understanding of brain
injuries
2. Brain injuries are frequently not identified
3. Treatment not always readily available.
Costs to Society of brain injuries - ANS/$76.5 billion annually
How are brain injuries classified? - ANS/Etiology (cause) of primary injury
Acquired brain injury - ANS/injury to the brain that is not hereditary,
congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ANS/an alteration in brain function, or other
evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force
2 primary mechanisms of TBI - ANS/involving impact to the head and
inertial forces that affect the brain
Traumatic impact Injuries Result From... - ANS/result from contact: either
the head is struck by or against an object
, 2 Sub categories of Traumatic Impact Injuries - ANS/Open and Closed
Closed Traumatic Impact Injury (non-penetrating) - ANS/Injury
Classification: focal or diffuse
Injury Patho-physiology: Brain contusions, Brain Lacerations,
Intracerebral-Hemorrhage, Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
Injury Causes: Blast related, assaults, falls, vehicular accidents, sports
accidents
Secondary Injury - ANS/happens after the primary injury, is the cascade of
pathophysiological events. Second injury presents the possibility of injury
attenuation.
Only means to address the impact of a Primary Injury - ANS/prevention
Secondary Injury Cascade Phase 1 - ANS/-Impaired Blood Flow
-Tissue Damage
-Metabolic Imbalance
-Membrane Permeability
Secondary Injury Cascade Phase 2 - ANS/-Axonal terminal depolarization
-intracellular breakdown
-apoptosis
-release of excitatory NT
-Free radical Generation
-Necrosis
--Ultimately all leading to cell death
Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury - ANS/Falls
Assaults
