Traviss LPN Pharmacology Final
Exam Review Questions and
Answers
Pregnancy Risk Category X - ANSWER-Adequate well controlled or observational
studies in animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal
abnormalities or risks
The use of the product is contraindicated in women who are or may become
pregnant.
Pregnancy Risk Category N - ANSWER-The drug is not classified by the FDA
Half-life - ANSWER-time required for the body to eliminate 50% of a drug
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-study of drug transit (or activity) after administration.
These activities include absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
Subcomponents include transport, first-pass effect during absorption, and half-life
during excretion of the drug.
First-pass effect - ANSWER-action by which an oral drug is absorbed and carried
directly to the liver, where it is inactivated by enzymes before it enters the general
bloodstream.
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-the study of the drug mechanisms that produce
biochemical or physiologic changes in the body
What are the reasons that medication dosages may be decreased? - ANSWER-Liver
failure
Kidney Failure
Children due to immature kidneys
Older adults dues to diminished kidney function
What are the are the 2 main mechanisms by which a drug exerts its action? -
ANSWER-Alteration in cellular function - a medication has to bind to a receptor on
the surface of a cell to produce
- Agonist
-Antagonist
Alteration in cellular environment physically or chemically
Onset - ANSWER-the time between administration of the drug and onset of its
therapeutic effect
, Peak - ANSWER-when absorption rate equals the elimination rate (not always the
time of peak response)
Duration - ANSWER-length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect
Teratogen - ANSWER-drug or substance that causes abnormal development of the
fetus, leading to deformaties
Therapeutic effect/response - ANSWER-the expected/wanted response from the
medication
Adverse reaction/consequence - ANSWER-undesirable drug effect
Allergic reaction/hypersensitivity - ANSWER-immediate hypersensitive reaction by
immune system; it presents as itching, hives, swelling and difficulty breathing
Anaphylactic shock - ANSWER-sudden, severe hypersensitivity reaction with
symptoms that progress rapidly and may result in death if not treated; also called
anaphylactic reaction or anaphylactoid reaction
Angioedema - ANSWER-localized wheals or swellings in subcutaneous tissues or
mucous membranes, which may be due to an allergic response; also called
angioneurotic edema
Idiosyncratic reaction/idiosyncrasy - ANSWER-Any unusual or abnormal reaction to
a drug. It is any reaction that is different from the one normally expected from a
specific drug does
Ex. pt is given a drug to help him sleep but instead the pt remains wide awake after
taking it
Drug tolerance - ANSWER-decrease responses to a drug requiring an increase in
dosage to achieve the desired effect
Cumulative effect - ANSWER-when the body is unable to metabolize and excrete
one dose of a drug before the next is given
Toxic reaction - ANSWER-poisonous or harmful
Additive drug reaction - ANSWER-occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is
equal to the sum of each drug given alone
1+1=2
Synergistic drug reaction - ANSWER-occurs when drugs interact with each other and
produce an effect is great than the sum of their separate actions
1+1=3
Antagonistic drug reaction - ANSWER-occurs when one drug interferes with the
action of another, causing neutralizing or decrease in the effect of one of the drugs
Ex. Protamine completely neutralizes heparin in the body and clotting will happen
Exam Review Questions and
Answers
Pregnancy Risk Category X - ANSWER-Adequate well controlled or observational
studies in animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal
abnormalities or risks
The use of the product is contraindicated in women who are or may become
pregnant.
Pregnancy Risk Category N - ANSWER-The drug is not classified by the FDA
Half-life - ANSWER-time required for the body to eliminate 50% of a drug
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-study of drug transit (or activity) after administration.
These activities include absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
Subcomponents include transport, first-pass effect during absorption, and half-life
during excretion of the drug.
First-pass effect - ANSWER-action by which an oral drug is absorbed and carried
directly to the liver, where it is inactivated by enzymes before it enters the general
bloodstream.
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-the study of the drug mechanisms that produce
biochemical or physiologic changes in the body
What are the reasons that medication dosages may be decreased? - ANSWER-Liver
failure
Kidney Failure
Children due to immature kidneys
Older adults dues to diminished kidney function
What are the are the 2 main mechanisms by which a drug exerts its action? -
ANSWER-Alteration in cellular function - a medication has to bind to a receptor on
the surface of a cell to produce
- Agonist
-Antagonist
Alteration in cellular environment physically or chemically
Onset - ANSWER-the time between administration of the drug and onset of its
therapeutic effect
, Peak - ANSWER-when absorption rate equals the elimination rate (not always the
time of peak response)
Duration - ANSWER-length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect
Teratogen - ANSWER-drug or substance that causes abnormal development of the
fetus, leading to deformaties
Therapeutic effect/response - ANSWER-the expected/wanted response from the
medication
Adverse reaction/consequence - ANSWER-undesirable drug effect
Allergic reaction/hypersensitivity - ANSWER-immediate hypersensitive reaction by
immune system; it presents as itching, hives, swelling and difficulty breathing
Anaphylactic shock - ANSWER-sudden, severe hypersensitivity reaction with
symptoms that progress rapidly and may result in death if not treated; also called
anaphylactic reaction or anaphylactoid reaction
Angioedema - ANSWER-localized wheals or swellings in subcutaneous tissues or
mucous membranes, which may be due to an allergic response; also called
angioneurotic edema
Idiosyncratic reaction/idiosyncrasy - ANSWER-Any unusual or abnormal reaction to
a drug. It is any reaction that is different from the one normally expected from a
specific drug does
Ex. pt is given a drug to help him sleep but instead the pt remains wide awake after
taking it
Drug tolerance - ANSWER-decrease responses to a drug requiring an increase in
dosage to achieve the desired effect
Cumulative effect - ANSWER-when the body is unable to metabolize and excrete
one dose of a drug before the next is given
Toxic reaction - ANSWER-poisonous or harmful
Additive drug reaction - ANSWER-occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is
equal to the sum of each drug given alone
1+1=2
Synergistic drug reaction - ANSWER-occurs when drugs interact with each other and
produce an effect is great than the sum of their separate actions
1+1=3
Antagonistic drug reaction - ANSWER-occurs when one drug interferes with the
action of another, causing neutralizing or decrease in the effect of one of the drugs
Ex. Protamine completely neutralizes heparin in the body and clotting will happen
