PORTAGE NUTRITION FINAL PAPER 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Which type of diffusion can move nutrients against the concentration from an area of
low concentration to an area of high concentration? - ✔✔Active transport
✔✔True or False:
Gastrin is a vital glycoprotein produced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to
be absorbed. - ✔✔False:
Intrinsic factor, not gastrin.
✔✔List a dietary treatment for constipation. - ✔✔Eat high-fiber foods
Increase liquid intake
✔✔List a dietary treatment for diarrhea. - ✔✔Increase fluid consumption to prevent
dehydration
Diet: broth, tea, toast, low-fiber
✔✔Below are two clients with digestive ailments. For each of them explain which fiber
should be added to their diet and how it will improve their symptoms.
Client 1 suffers from constipation
Client 2 has high cholesterol - ✔✔Client 1 should consume insoluble fiber because it
won't dissolve and thus increase stool weight, therefore increasing stool speed and
movement.
Client 2 should consume soluble fiber, which will slow glucose and fat absorption, and
therefore lower cholesterol.
✔✔(A) Explain how type 1 diabetes occurs and the disease's symptoms. (B) Detail at
least 3 ways it is different from type 2 diabetes. - ✔✔A: Type 1 diabetes occurs when for
whatever reason, the pancreas loses the ability to produce insulin. Symptoms are
excessive thirst, urination, hunger, weight loss, and ketosis.
B: Reasons it is different from Type 2:
- Type 2 caused by insulin resistance or low insulin production
- Type 2 associated with being overweight
- Type 2 has adult onset
- Type 2 is treated with oral medications whereas Type 1 is treated with insulin
✔✔What term describes the state when protein loss is greater than intake? -
✔✔Negative protein balance
,✔✔True or false. If false, explain why it is false.
The '3' and '6' in omega 3 and omega 6 refer to the placement of the first carbon-carbon
single bond in the fatty acid. - ✔✔False: True or false. If false, explain why it is false.
The '3' and '6' in omega 3 and omega 6 refer to the placement of the first carbon-carbon
double bond. in the fatty acid.
✔✔Describe why LDL is considered a marker of cardiovascular health. Explain where it
is made, it's main components and function in your answer. - ✔✔LDL carries cholesterol
from the liver to the cells. If there are high amounts of LDL, that indicates poor CV
health due to excess cholesterol in the arteries.
✔✔You are volunteering with a medical relief group in a developing nation. A young
child presents with edema in the legs and abdomen, a fatty liver, and his mother reports
recent changes to his skin and hair. What type of malnutrition is he most likely suffering
from? - ✔✔Kwashiorkor
✔✔True or false. If false, explain why it is false.
Foods that are high in sugar are also good sources of fiber. - ✔✔False. Foods that are
high in STARCH are good sources of fiber.
✔✔The pancreas plays a role in blood sugar regulation. For (A) the fasting, and (B) the
fed states, list the hormones the pancreas releases and their effect on blood glucose. -
✔✔Fasting state: glucagon released to break down glycogen stores in the liver and
increases blood sugar levels
Fed state: pancreas releases insulin. Cellular uptake of glucose increases and lowers
BG level
✔✔State when one's energy intake is equal to amount expended - ✔✔Energy balance
✔✔Components of Energy Expenditure - ✔✔BMR (60-70%)
Thermic Effect of Food (10%)
Thermogenesis
Physical activity (15-40%)
✔✔What method of calorimetry is this?
An insulated chamber surrounded by a thin layer of water is used to measure the
amount of heat emitted by the subject in the chamber. - ✔✔Direct calorimetry
✔✔This method uses oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output, along with scientific
formulas, to measure energy expended. - ✔✔Indirect calorimetry
, ✔✔List the various approaches for determining healthy body standards and the
problems with each. - ✔✔Height-to-weight tables: attempted to link longevity to weight,
but didn't account for individual differences.
BMI: not good for children, teens, pregnant or breast-feeding moms, shorter adults,
muscular individuals, and the elderly
✔✔What are the 4 categories created by the Body Mass Index to compare one's height
and weight? - ✔✔Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Obesity
✔✔BMI standards - ✔✔<18.5: underweight
25-30: overweight
>30: obese
✔✔Body fat standards for males and females - ✔✔males: 8-24%
females: 21-35%
✔✔Methods of measuring body fat - ✔✔Underwater weighing
Bioelectrical impedance
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Anthropometrics
✔✔Desired waist to hip ratios - ✔✔Males: <0.9
Females: <0.8
✔✔Set point theory - ✔✔Theory that we have a genetically predetermined body weight
and that the body will resist change beyond this set point.
✔✔Influences of Body Composition (nature and nurture) - ✔✔Thrifty metabolism
Set point theory
Fat cell development
Environmental influences
✔✔Components to successful weight loss and maintenance - ✔✔Calorie control
Physical activity
Behavior modification
✔✔Behavior modification techniques for weight loss (5) - ✔✔Chain breaking
Stimulus control (avoiding temptations)
Cognitive restructuring
Contingency management
Self-monitoring (keeping a journal)
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Which type of diffusion can move nutrients against the concentration from an area of
low concentration to an area of high concentration? - ✔✔Active transport
✔✔True or False:
Gastrin is a vital glycoprotein produced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to
be absorbed. - ✔✔False:
Intrinsic factor, not gastrin.
✔✔List a dietary treatment for constipation. - ✔✔Eat high-fiber foods
Increase liquid intake
✔✔List a dietary treatment for diarrhea. - ✔✔Increase fluid consumption to prevent
dehydration
Diet: broth, tea, toast, low-fiber
✔✔Below are two clients with digestive ailments. For each of them explain which fiber
should be added to their diet and how it will improve their symptoms.
Client 1 suffers from constipation
Client 2 has high cholesterol - ✔✔Client 1 should consume insoluble fiber because it
won't dissolve and thus increase stool weight, therefore increasing stool speed and
movement.
Client 2 should consume soluble fiber, which will slow glucose and fat absorption, and
therefore lower cholesterol.
✔✔(A) Explain how type 1 diabetes occurs and the disease's symptoms. (B) Detail at
least 3 ways it is different from type 2 diabetes. - ✔✔A: Type 1 diabetes occurs when for
whatever reason, the pancreas loses the ability to produce insulin. Symptoms are
excessive thirst, urination, hunger, weight loss, and ketosis.
B: Reasons it is different from Type 2:
- Type 2 caused by insulin resistance or low insulin production
- Type 2 associated with being overweight
- Type 2 has adult onset
- Type 2 is treated with oral medications whereas Type 1 is treated with insulin
✔✔What term describes the state when protein loss is greater than intake? -
✔✔Negative protein balance
,✔✔True or false. If false, explain why it is false.
The '3' and '6' in omega 3 and omega 6 refer to the placement of the first carbon-carbon
single bond in the fatty acid. - ✔✔False: True or false. If false, explain why it is false.
The '3' and '6' in omega 3 and omega 6 refer to the placement of the first carbon-carbon
double bond. in the fatty acid.
✔✔Describe why LDL is considered a marker of cardiovascular health. Explain where it
is made, it's main components and function in your answer. - ✔✔LDL carries cholesterol
from the liver to the cells. If there are high amounts of LDL, that indicates poor CV
health due to excess cholesterol in the arteries.
✔✔You are volunteering with a medical relief group in a developing nation. A young
child presents with edema in the legs and abdomen, a fatty liver, and his mother reports
recent changes to his skin and hair. What type of malnutrition is he most likely suffering
from? - ✔✔Kwashiorkor
✔✔True or false. If false, explain why it is false.
Foods that are high in sugar are also good sources of fiber. - ✔✔False. Foods that are
high in STARCH are good sources of fiber.
✔✔The pancreas plays a role in blood sugar regulation. For (A) the fasting, and (B) the
fed states, list the hormones the pancreas releases and their effect on blood glucose. -
✔✔Fasting state: glucagon released to break down glycogen stores in the liver and
increases blood sugar levels
Fed state: pancreas releases insulin. Cellular uptake of glucose increases and lowers
BG level
✔✔State when one's energy intake is equal to amount expended - ✔✔Energy balance
✔✔Components of Energy Expenditure - ✔✔BMR (60-70%)
Thermic Effect of Food (10%)
Thermogenesis
Physical activity (15-40%)
✔✔What method of calorimetry is this?
An insulated chamber surrounded by a thin layer of water is used to measure the
amount of heat emitted by the subject in the chamber. - ✔✔Direct calorimetry
✔✔This method uses oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output, along with scientific
formulas, to measure energy expended. - ✔✔Indirect calorimetry
, ✔✔List the various approaches for determining healthy body standards and the
problems with each. - ✔✔Height-to-weight tables: attempted to link longevity to weight,
but didn't account for individual differences.
BMI: not good for children, teens, pregnant or breast-feeding moms, shorter adults,
muscular individuals, and the elderly
✔✔What are the 4 categories created by the Body Mass Index to compare one's height
and weight? - ✔✔Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Obesity
✔✔BMI standards - ✔✔<18.5: underweight
25-30: overweight
>30: obese
✔✔Body fat standards for males and females - ✔✔males: 8-24%
females: 21-35%
✔✔Methods of measuring body fat - ✔✔Underwater weighing
Bioelectrical impedance
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Anthropometrics
✔✔Desired waist to hip ratios - ✔✔Males: <0.9
Females: <0.8
✔✔Set point theory - ✔✔Theory that we have a genetically predetermined body weight
and that the body will resist change beyond this set point.
✔✔Influences of Body Composition (nature and nurture) - ✔✔Thrifty metabolism
Set point theory
Fat cell development
Environmental influences
✔✔Components to successful weight loss and maintenance - ✔✔Calorie control
Physical activity
Behavior modification
✔✔Behavior modification techniques for weight loss (5) - ✔✔Chain breaking
Stimulus control (avoiding temptations)
Cognitive restructuring
Contingency management
Self-monitoring (keeping a journal)
