NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Actual
Exam 1 Rasmussen 2025 Latest
Hypomagnesemia S/S
Torsades de Pointes (tornado in the heart) Afib, Vfib, Prolonged QT, flattened T wave, N/T, painful
muscle contractions, decreased GI, constipations, nausea, paralytic ileus
Hypermagnesemia S/S
Brady, hypotension, cardiac arrest, lethargy, coma, resp failure, death
Hyperkalemia causes and treatment
Causes: ACE inhibitors, kidney failure, multiple blood transfusions, excessive or too rapid IV
potassium
Treatment: Excrete excess potassium (with drugs), force potassium from ECF back into cells
Hypokalemia causes and treatment
Causes: Diuretic use, N/V, NPO too long, unbalanced diet, corticosteroids, prolonged ng suctioning,
water intoxication
Treatment: Replace potassium either IV or PO
Hypernatremia causes and treatment
Causes: Kidney failure, long term corticosteroid use, excessive sodium intake (diet or IV), watery
diarrhea, dehydration
Treatment: Hemodialysis for kidney failure, fluid replacement for water loss, diuretics to help rid
body of excess fluid and sodium
Hyponatremia causes and treatment
causes: Diuretic use, excessive sweating, NPO for too long, excessive consumption of
water/beer/other hypertonic fluids
Treatment: if caused by diuretics, doses of those drugs will need to be changes or discontinued
,Hypercalcemia causes and treatment
Causes: hyperparathyroidism, malignant tumors, kidney failure, excessive calcium or vitamin d
supplements, prolonged immobility
Treatment: Cardiac monitoring, interventions depend on cause but drug therapy can be used to
reduce levels. If caused by diuretics, dosage changed/discontinued
Hypocalcemia causes and treatment
Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption (from Crohn's or Celiac)
immobility, diarrhea, inadequate oral calcium intake
Treatment: focus on replacing calcium and/or vitamin D, until corrected keep patients on seizure
precautions, in a low stimulus environment
Hyperphosphatemia causes and treatment
Causes: increased phosphate intake, shift from cells to EFC, decreased phosphate excretion
Treatment:
Hypophosphatemia causes and treatment
Causes: decreased phosphate intake, shift from ECF to cells, increased phosphate excretion.
Treatment:
Hypermagnesemia causes and treatment
Causes: Kidney disease, overuse of magnesium-containing antacids or laxatives, excessive mag
intake, IV mag replacement therapy
Treatment: If caused by excessive intake, decrease it, if due to kidney failure dialysis is used, if no
kidney failure, give IV fluids to dilute, or loop diuretics to help excretion.
Hypomagnesemia causes and treatment
Causes: Diuretic use, inadequate intake, chronic alcoholism, diarrhea, celiac, crohns, chemo, anti-
rejection drugs, mass transfusion
Treatment: replacement with mag sulfate, monitor closely to prevent hypermag
, Which hormones move electrolytes from the pool to the ECF?
epinephrine
Components of the Immune System
(1) skin and mucous membranes; (2) the mononuclear phagocyte system; (3) the lymphoid system,
including spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes; and (4) bone marrow. AND B cells; T cells
active immunity
A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-
causing antigens.
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Examples of active immunity
natural infection, vaccines, toxoid
Hormones released during GAS
catecholamines (epi and norepi)
adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldosterone)
endorphines and enkephalins (endogenous opiods, increase pain threshold, produce sedation and
euphoria)
Immune cytokines (enhance immune system, when prolonged they suppress it)
Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
Growth hormone
Oxytocin (female "tend+befriend" vs fight or flight)
Exam 1 Rasmussen 2025 Latest
Hypomagnesemia S/S
Torsades de Pointes (tornado in the heart) Afib, Vfib, Prolonged QT, flattened T wave, N/T, painful
muscle contractions, decreased GI, constipations, nausea, paralytic ileus
Hypermagnesemia S/S
Brady, hypotension, cardiac arrest, lethargy, coma, resp failure, death
Hyperkalemia causes and treatment
Causes: ACE inhibitors, kidney failure, multiple blood transfusions, excessive or too rapid IV
potassium
Treatment: Excrete excess potassium (with drugs), force potassium from ECF back into cells
Hypokalemia causes and treatment
Causes: Diuretic use, N/V, NPO too long, unbalanced diet, corticosteroids, prolonged ng suctioning,
water intoxication
Treatment: Replace potassium either IV or PO
Hypernatremia causes and treatment
Causes: Kidney failure, long term corticosteroid use, excessive sodium intake (diet or IV), watery
diarrhea, dehydration
Treatment: Hemodialysis for kidney failure, fluid replacement for water loss, diuretics to help rid
body of excess fluid and sodium
Hyponatremia causes and treatment
causes: Diuretic use, excessive sweating, NPO for too long, excessive consumption of
water/beer/other hypertonic fluids
Treatment: if caused by diuretics, doses of those drugs will need to be changes or discontinued
,Hypercalcemia causes and treatment
Causes: hyperparathyroidism, malignant tumors, kidney failure, excessive calcium or vitamin d
supplements, prolonged immobility
Treatment: Cardiac monitoring, interventions depend on cause but drug therapy can be used to
reduce levels. If caused by diuretics, dosage changed/discontinued
Hypocalcemia causes and treatment
Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption (from Crohn's or Celiac)
immobility, diarrhea, inadequate oral calcium intake
Treatment: focus on replacing calcium and/or vitamin D, until corrected keep patients on seizure
precautions, in a low stimulus environment
Hyperphosphatemia causes and treatment
Causes: increased phosphate intake, shift from cells to EFC, decreased phosphate excretion
Treatment:
Hypophosphatemia causes and treatment
Causes: decreased phosphate intake, shift from ECF to cells, increased phosphate excretion.
Treatment:
Hypermagnesemia causes and treatment
Causes: Kidney disease, overuse of magnesium-containing antacids or laxatives, excessive mag
intake, IV mag replacement therapy
Treatment: If caused by excessive intake, decrease it, if due to kidney failure dialysis is used, if no
kidney failure, give IV fluids to dilute, or loop diuretics to help excretion.
Hypomagnesemia causes and treatment
Causes: Diuretic use, inadequate intake, chronic alcoholism, diarrhea, celiac, crohns, chemo, anti-
rejection drugs, mass transfusion
Treatment: replacement with mag sulfate, monitor closely to prevent hypermag
, Which hormones move electrolytes from the pool to the ECF?
epinephrine
Components of the Immune System
(1) skin and mucous membranes; (2) the mononuclear phagocyte system; (3) the lymphoid system,
including spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes; and (4) bone marrow. AND B cells; T cells
active immunity
A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-
causing antigens.
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Examples of active immunity
natural infection, vaccines, toxoid
Hormones released during GAS
catecholamines (epi and norepi)
adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldosterone)
endorphines and enkephalins (endogenous opiods, increase pain threshold, produce sedation and
euphoria)
Immune cytokines (enhance immune system, when prolonged they suppress it)
Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
Growth hormone
Oxytocin (female "tend+befriend" vs fight or flight)
