BIOL 3V2 Exam 1 study guide – Blinn College (A Grade / School graded) | BIOL3V2 Exam 1 study guide – (A Grade)

BIOL 3V2 Exam 1 study guide – Blinn College (A Grade / School graded) Ch. 1 Study Guide This guide serves as a basic overview of what you need to know for this chapter. I also suggest you use MasteringMicrobiology as a study tool as well as the end of chapter questions. 1. Describe the system of nomenclature (i.e. naming and writing the names) of microorganisms. Should be written: Genus species or if hand written Genus species. Can be abbreviated if the 2nd time written and on (ex. G. species) 2. Describe the characteristics of each of the following: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Focus on distinguishing features that were discussed in class. • Bacteria: unicellular, prokaryote, CW: peptidoglycan, binary fission (asexual), morphology: cocci, bacilli, spirillum • Archaea: unicellular, prokaryote, CW: pseudomurein, non-pathogenic, extreme environments • Fungi: uni or multicellular, eukaryote, CW: chitin, looks like plant but no PS, decomposers • Algae: uni or multicellular, eukaryote, CW: cellulose, photosynthesis • Protozoan: unicellular, eukaryote, CW: none, movement: flagella, cilia, pseudopod • Virus: acellular, obligate intracellular parasite • Helminths: multicellular, eukaryote, animal parasite (worms) 3. Create a timeline that outlines the major points in the history of microbiology as discussed in class. Know the names of scientists and what their contributions were to the field of microbiology. • Hooke: “saw cells”, made cell theory • Leeuwenhoek: observed “animalcules”, actually saw cells, made microscopes • Redi: attempted to disprove spontaneous generation, sealed jar with meat and nothing grew, but people argued it was because microbes come from the air to spon gen • Needham: rekindled the idea of spontaneous generation. Cooked two things of broth and covered one up, but accidently left that one in room temp for awhile • Spallanzani: repeated Needham’s experiment but did it right. Disputed spontaneous generation. Covered broth first, THEN heated • Virchow: developed concept of biogenesis (no proof though) • Pasteur: demonstrated microbes in the air can contaminate sterile solutions but air does not CREATE microbes. Finally disproved spontateneous generation. Used S-neck flask. 4. Why was the discovery of fermentation and pasteurization significant? - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - Ch. 3 Study Guide 1. Briefly describe the different type of light microscopy and when they are used. • Compound light microscopy – a condenser squishes light source and shoots it through the specimen • Darkfield microscopy – used for specimens invisible in ordinary LM, cannot be stained, or distorted by staining methods. Uses darkfield condenser. Only LGITH reflected off specimen enters objective lens. Dark background • Phase-contrast microscopy – used to enhance internal structures of a cell, can view LIVING CELLS. Uses annular diaphragm. Refracted or diffracted light (altered by specimen). Undiffracted light (unaltered by specimen) • Fluorescence Microscopy – expensive. Uses fluorescence ( absorb UV light and emit it). If cannot do this naturally, stained with fluorochrome. Fluorescent-antibody (FA), rapidly diagnose ppl with TB • Electron microscopy – don’t use light, use electrons. For viruses and internal structures (SMALL SHIT) 2. Describe the path of light as it travels from the light source to your eye Light source, condenser, specimen, objective lens, ocular lens 3. How do you calculate total magnification? Multiply ocular and objective lenses 4. What is resolution? Clarity. Ability to differentiate two points 5. What are the two types of electron microscopy? How do they differ from one another? • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) – provides 3D views, scans outer surface - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18. What is a release factor and what is its function? 19. How do bacteria/prokaryotes and eukaryotes maximize the efficiency of transcription and translation? In other words, how do they produce the maximum number of polypeptides in the shortest amount of time? 20. Given a template strand of DNA, be able to write out the RNA transcript that would be made, the amino acid sequence that would be made, and the complementary DNA strand. 21. Be able to describe an operon, and how inducible and repressible operons work 22. What is a mutation? 23. Be able to identify/describe the different types of mutations. 24. What is horizontal gene transfer? 25. Describe the three types of horizontal gene transfer and highlight the main differences between them.