MAT1501 EXAM PACK 2025 - DISTINCTION GUARANTEED
Cogni ve Element - answersUnderstanding of the act's nature and consequences.
Cona ve Element - answersWillful direc on towards an act or result.
Direct Inten on - answersPurposefully aiming to achieve a specific outcome.
Indirect Inten on - answersForeseeing a result as a consequence of ac ons.
Common Law - answersLaw derived from judicial decisions and customs.
Legisla on - answersLaws enacted by a governing body.
Criminal Liability - answersLegal responsibility for commi ng a crime.
Legal Duty - answersObliga on to act according to law.
Act vs. Conduct - answers'Act' excludes omissions; 'conduct' includes both.
Legal Causa on - answersEstablishing a direct link between act and outcome.
Adequate Causa on - answersAct must be necessary for the outcome.
Competent Person - answersIndividual authorized to give lawful orders.
,Moral Wrongness - answersConduct deemed wrong but not legally prohibited.
Omission - answersFailure to act when legally required.
Perpetrator - answersIndividual or en ty commi ng the act.
Medical Consent - answersPa ent's agreement for medical procedures.
Obedience to Orders - answersFollowing commands as a jus fica on for ac ons.
Vague Crimes - answersCrimes defined imprecisely, leading to ambiguity.
Novus actus interveniens - answersAn act that is expected and usual.
Private defence - answersSelf-defence, also protec ng others' interests.
Puta ve private defence - answersBelief in self-defence without actual jus fica on.
Interests protected by private defence - answersLife or physical integrity only.
Necessity - answersAc ng to protect another's interests in emergencies.
Successful necessity - answersEmergency must be expected or terminated.
Legal compulsion and necessity - answersCannot claim necessity if legally compelled.
,Consent in the - answersConsent can jus fy the and property damage.
Boni mores - answersLegal convic ons of society determining consent validity.
Violent consent - answersConsent obtained through violence is not voluntary.
Obedience to orders - answersSubordinate must obey lawful orders from superiors.
Ground of jus fica on for orders - answersOrder-giver must be lawfully authorized.
Harm in obedience - answersCannot cause more harm than necessary.
Criminal capacity - answersMental abili es required for culpability and liability.
Defences excluding criminal capacity - answersMental illness and youthful age are two
defences.
Forms of culpability - answersInten on and causa on are key culpability forms.
Direct inten on - answersCausing forbidden result is not the main aim.
Cona ve element of inten on - answersKnowledge of act and its unlawfulness.
Forms of inten on - answersIncludes direct, indirect, and dolus eventualis.
Dolus eventualis - answersInten on where harm is foreseen but accepted.
, Indirect inten on - answersHarm is a secondary consequence of the act.
Culpability - answersResponsibility for a crime based on mental state.
Legal jus fica on - answersValid reasons for ac ons that would otherwise be unlawful.
Principle of Legality - answersLaw must not punish without prior defini on.
Omission to Act - answersPunishable only if legal duty exists.
Bill of Rights - answersFundamental rights protec ng individuals from state.
Culpability - answersDetermined by criminal capacity and inten on.
Criminal Liability - answersAssessing if conduct is unlawful or not.
Onus of Proof - answersProsecu on must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Elements of Crime - answersAccused's conduct and state of mind must comply.
Balance of Probabili es - answersStandard of proof for civil cases, not criminal.
Grounds of Jus fica on - answersIncludes private defence, necessity, and consent.
Criminal Capacity - answersAbility to understand and control ac ons legally.
Cogni ve Element - answersUnderstanding of the act's nature and consequences.
Cona ve Element - answersWillful direc on towards an act or result.
Direct Inten on - answersPurposefully aiming to achieve a specific outcome.
Indirect Inten on - answersForeseeing a result as a consequence of ac ons.
Common Law - answersLaw derived from judicial decisions and customs.
Legisla on - answersLaws enacted by a governing body.
Criminal Liability - answersLegal responsibility for commi ng a crime.
Legal Duty - answersObliga on to act according to law.
Act vs. Conduct - answers'Act' excludes omissions; 'conduct' includes both.
Legal Causa on - answersEstablishing a direct link between act and outcome.
Adequate Causa on - answersAct must be necessary for the outcome.
Competent Person - answersIndividual authorized to give lawful orders.
,Moral Wrongness - answersConduct deemed wrong but not legally prohibited.
Omission - answersFailure to act when legally required.
Perpetrator - answersIndividual or en ty commi ng the act.
Medical Consent - answersPa ent's agreement for medical procedures.
Obedience to Orders - answersFollowing commands as a jus fica on for ac ons.
Vague Crimes - answersCrimes defined imprecisely, leading to ambiguity.
Novus actus interveniens - answersAn act that is expected and usual.
Private defence - answersSelf-defence, also protec ng others' interests.
Puta ve private defence - answersBelief in self-defence without actual jus fica on.
Interests protected by private defence - answersLife or physical integrity only.
Necessity - answersAc ng to protect another's interests in emergencies.
Successful necessity - answersEmergency must be expected or terminated.
Legal compulsion and necessity - answersCannot claim necessity if legally compelled.
,Consent in the - answersConsent can jus fy the and property damage.
Boni mores - answersLegal convic ons of society determining consent validity.
Violent consent - answersConsent obtained through violence is not voluntary.
Obedience to orders - answersSubordinate must obey lawful orders from superiors.
Ground of jus fica on for orders - answersOrder-giver must be lawfully authorized.
Harm in obedience - answersCannot cause more harm than necessary.
Criminal capacity - answersMental abili es required for culpability and liability.
Defences excluding criminal capacity - answersMental illness and youthful age are two
defences.
Forms of culpability - answersInten on and causa on are key culpability forms.
Direct inten on - answersCausing forbidden result is not the main aim.
Cona ve element of inten on - answersKnowledge of act and its unlawfulness.
Forms of inten on - answersIncludes direct, indirect, and dolus eventualis.
Dolus eventualis - answersInten on where harm is foreseen but accepted.
, Indirect inten on - answersHarm is a secondary consequence of the act.
Culpability - answersResponsibility for a crime based on mental state.
Legal jus fica on - answersValid reasons for ac ons that would otherwise be unlawful.
Principle of Legality - answersLaw must not punish without prior defini on.
Omission to Act - answersPunishable only if legal duty exists.
Bill of Rights - answersFundamental rights protec ng individuals from state.
Culpability - answersDetermined by criminal capacity and inten on.
Criminal Liability - answersAssessing if conduct is unlawful or not.
Onus of Proof - answersProsecu on must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Elements of Crime - answersAccused's conduct and state of mind must comply.
Balance of Probabili es - answersStandard of proof for civil cases, not criminal.
Grounds of Jus fica on - answersIncludes private defence, necessity, and consent.
Criminal Capacity - answersAbility to understand and control ac ons legally.
